Reality TV Essay -- essays research papers

Unscripted television: The Rise of a New Show â€Å"The Contender†      One of the most up to date shows to hit by far most of unscripted television shows that as of now exist is The Contender. The Contender is a show that centers around all the difficulties, preparing, agony, and problems that a fighter, who is planning to battle, must persevere. The Contender will be an extremely fruitful show, since it has the qualities of crude feeling that can’t be discovered when an executive is shouting ‘action,’ and ‘cut.’ By crude feeling I imply that the watcher has motivation to watch the TV program because of an enthusiastic connection, other than the unimportant diversion esteem, or for the love of the game of boxing. Watchers begin to look all starry eyed at, however rather than characters, they can become hopelessly enamored with real individuals. Unscripted tv is something that has become a significant piece of the broadcast business. The inspiration and achievement of these shows depends on the way that none of the shows are ever scripted. Numerous pundits marked the unscripted tv appear as a prevailing fashion, or as something that would not last. Nonetheless, unscripted television has demonstrated to be an incredible inverse. Unscripted television won't leave, yet rather keeps on developing and over require significant investment openings of other scripted shows. Watchers can identify with the individuals who are separated of these shows in light of the fact that the watchers realize that the individuals that they are starting to appreciate, and basically, love, are genuine. I don't imply that entertainers are basically machines, yet the characters they love are the equivalent cha...

Abortion as a Сurrent Public Policy Issue

Fetus removal as a Ð ¡urrent Public Policy Issue Fetus removal as a present open strategy issue/contention in the news today Controversies emerge as a result of various assessments of individuals because of individual uniqueness in convictions, sensible thinking, strict, political, and social monetary foundations that regularly lead to warmed and pugnacious conversations. While there are various open arrangement issues, the paper tables the degree, cost, strategies, arrangements, partners, and foundations that address fetus removal in the United States of America as an issue disclosed in the news nowadays.Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Abortion as a Ð ¡urrent Public Policy Issue explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thousands of issues appear to be directly according to lion's share, yet are engaging the minority or people profiting by them (Lejano, Leong, 2012, p. 796). The factious subject on fetus removal is a worry for open as portrayed by the cooperation of a few people in today ’s news everywhere throughout the world. In any case, in taking a gander at the central issues identified with fetus removal, instruction, legitimate and activism, sex and sexism, medication and substance misuse, and social insurance change can't be overemphasized considering the way that premature birth is a procedure and not a mishap. The inquiry about whether or not the legislature ought to legitimize fetus removal has hit the ongoing news with Americans having isolated sentiments. The United States’ premature birth techniques lighted open consideration in 2010 and 2011 (Campbell, 2011, p.963: Gerwin, 2012, p. 632). Rivals pressure that life starts at origination, and in this way fetus removal delivers excruciation in the unborn kid. Defenders guarantee that inability to sanction fetus removal causes pregnant ladies to select to dangerous premature birth techniques and that administrative or strict authority ought not confine their fetus removal rights (Bisignano, 2 009, p. 745). Thus, the issue has seen the rise of social and political activists who have spellbound the discussion on premature birth so as to pick up notoriety inside people in general. In my view, it doesn't make a difference the sides where one has a place with as long as the contentions can withstand the trial of time, are in accordance with the major opportunities and privileges of the individuals, and are as per cultural good guidelines and standards. Both the defenders and rivals recognize that premature birth is an issue of life and demise, which is practiced out of one’s individual activities. Much the same as death, fetus removal doesn't separate dependent on the practitioner of the demonstration whether a very much educated or uneducated mother, poor or rich mother, youthful or old mother, under or not affected by drug.Advertising Looking for research project on open organization? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The results and goals are connected (Gerwin, 2012, p. 634). Be that as it may, any endeavor to limit the dependable premature birth discussion should target changing people’s disposition towards sex, medication, and substance misuse that upgrade early or spontaneous pregnancies among ladies. Furthermore, counteraction is superior to fix. With unlimited contentions on fetus removal, sufficient training and mindfulness just as appropriate human services changes on premature birth are unavoidable. Portrayal and examination of the extent of premature birth Throughout history, fetus removal techniques have regularly been risky since they can bring about genuine wounds and here and there death to the ladies. The principal contention for permitting premature birth has been to annul dangerous fetus removal strategies done in social orders where fetus removal was unlawful and without the help of masters. The variety in contentions on issues of fetus removal is for sure an open c oncern (Campbell, 2011, p.967). The two adversaries and defenders somewhat acknowledge that fetus removal can go about if all else fails under unavoidable conditions, for example, when a womans life is in danger and additionally if there should arise an occurrence of assault or interbreeding (Pollman, 2012, p. 185). The people group contends that careful and clinical premature births are the most well-known kinds of fetus removal strategies utilized by ladies while helpful, elective, unconstrained, and initiated premature births are seldom utilized (Lejano, Leong, 2012, p. 807). In any case, passing of the newborn child or mother or both may happen whether a master helps all the while. As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in excess of 80% of the US areas give premature birth administrations where an expected multiple times dark ladies as white ladies do fetus removal every day (Uscinski, 2009, p. 798). The authoritative institution and alteration on premature birth is another crucial open concern. The change guarantees that government prohibition on open financing for fetus removal shapes a piece of the States’ constitution so as to lessen the extent of the State security law. Also, the national premature birth detailing laws and arrangements in America neglect to advise and control on issues identified with open strategy in a convenient way (Gerwin, 2012, p. 642). The US began condemning premature birth since 1821. Doctors predominantly affected the move dreading its security. By 1965, the whole US had prohibited fetus removal. Be that as it may, as per World Health Organization Report discharged in 2006, every year, fetus removal causes a few maternal passings in locales where it isn't lawful (Uscinski, 2009, p. 998). For this situation, individuals talk about issues of life and passing and issues emerging from the authorization and illegalization of fetus removal (Campbell, 2011, p.972). Consistence with fetus removal announci ng laws has likewise demonstrated troublesome. There is the failure of finding out the contributions of different ailments to maternal passings and giving total reports on premature birth (Pollman, 2012, p. 199).Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Abortion as a Ð ¡urrent Public Policy Issue explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lack of solid estimations makes count of the relative wellbeing and threat of actuated fetus removal and conveyance not reasonable. The test has spackled an open discussion. Also, general wellbeing organizations can't authorize the current announcing laws making it dangerous in understanding the main problems about premature birth. The partners and influenced voting demographics Issues of fetus removal don't have explicit partners since they cut over all humankind. Be that as it may, the humankind can be arranged into essential, auxiliary, and key partners. Recipients are the individuals who target picking up either cash or administration from the premature birth process. They incorporate people who are encountering the hazard for a specific issue or abortionists and the individuals who help in completing the procedure: the doctors (Gerwin, 2012, p. 650). Optional partners include those straightforwardly engaged with recipients, for example, guardians, companions, kin, youngsters, companions, instructors, guides. Auxiliary partners additionally include individuals whose occupations or lives can be affected by the premature birth process particularly in the event that they do or neglect to report the demonstration of fetus removal (Lejano, Leong, 2012, p. 811). They involve network individuals, managers, temporary workers, owners, police, and other law authorization offices. Key partners incorporate those with an enthusiasm for the fetus removal result and the individuals who can impact choices government authorities and arrangement producers (Uscinski, 2009, p. 805). Government authorities and arrangement creators, for example, state or bureaucratic organizations, governors, neighborhood board individuals, and administrators have the duty of formulating, passing, and authorizing laws and guidelines, which might satisfy the set objectives (Uscinski, 2009, p. 812). In deed, if the administrations permitted ladies to prematurely end superfluously, a portion of the world’s extraordinary pioneers and researchers would not have been conceived. On the off chance that demise happens, the families and networks wherein it happens are influenced mentally, socially, financially, and strategically (Campbell, 2011, p.966). Ladies, their mates, and the unborn are the immediate bearers of the results of premature birth. As indicated by Breast Cancer Prevention Institute (BCPI) and the Catholic Medical Association (CMA) in 2006, fetus removal improves the probability of ladies creating bosom malignant growth and future unsuccessful labors (Pollman, 2012, p. 206). Pertinent politic al foundations to the strategy conversation about Abortion Even however doctors don't engage social, social, and strict issues in breaking down the connection between fetus removal governmental issues and approaches, premature birth has end up being a troublesome policy driven issue in the United States since the rule of Roe Wade (Pollman, 2012, p. 183). Political establishments are focal in the issue.Advertising Searching for research paper on open organization? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Subsequently, through federalism, legal audit, and a private human services framework, the Americans consider fetus removal basically as an individual right instead of a clinical prerequisite (Uscinski, 2009, p. 814). The nature and structure of the US ideological groups offer premature birth defenders and rivals the chance to start and oblige fetus removal issue in their political plan. Lawful multifaceted nature, political factors, structures, and qualities are answerable for advancement of fetus removal strategy. Political foundations and philosophies â€Å"†¦affect the nature and timing of strategy choices on fetus removal in this way contributing unmistakably to approach contrasts across nations† (Bejesky, 2012, p. 967). The discussion encompassing the subject of fetus removal shone in the US Congress human services banter in 2010 with the adversaries and advocates in the House of Representatives and the Senate exchanging allegations. Dissimilar to the defenders who need equivalent treatment of all in the medicinal services administrations, rivals of fetus removal didn't need recipients of protection endowments to get Federal subsidizing for any premature birth (Gerwin, 2012, p. 645). The wellbeing vehicle

Thanksgiving on First East Team Bemis makes hand turkeys!!

Thanksgiving on First East Team Bemis makes hand turkeys!! My first installment of The Adventures of Team Bemis: Some extremely attractive and well-mannered members of Team Bemis spent Saturday night a couple of weeks ago putting their creative minds to use designing and implementing capable lovable hand turkeys. For those unfamiliar with the concept, the steps involved in making a hand turkey are as follows: 1.) Stock up on supplies (construction paper, glitter, glue, markers, finger-paints Are you a kindergarten teacher? asks the sales clerk. No, says Kelly. Theyre for my friends at uhnevermind). 2.) Gather friends and followers. 3.) Trace the outline of your hand (preferably the hand you do not use to trace with) on construction paper. 4.) Cut along the lines. 5.) Repeat. Or not. Whatever. 6.) Decorate! Observe! This is us making hand turkeys: Kelly (09) demonstrates step one in purple: Louis (07) can do it without looking: Happy Jonathan (07) and Mary (our GRT): Something is not right with this picture: More pictures: All done, we put our names on our turkeys and they sat proudly on our doors, perched in greeting of the coming holiday. You can tell a lot about someones personality by the hand turkeys they create. Louis chose a more classic design: Kelly went with something a bit more fun: Mine was heavily cubist-influenced: Marys was very very glittery: Jonathans was furry and kind of mad: Try it yourself! But whats thanksgiving without a feast? The denizens of First East (East Campus) held our annual hall thanksgiving this past Sunday (before everyone left) complete with a big delicious dinner we all sat down to eat like a big ol happy family. Our lovely and gracious host this year was Kelly (09) who gave commands and oversaw the operations in the kitchen all day. The preparations moved along like a well-oiled machine under her stern but gentle leadership and for the first time (ever?) dinner was served on time (6 oclock sharp!). Scenes from the kitchen. The lighting was dim and people were stepping on me so these pictures are kinda bad. No matter: Janet (07) mashing potatoes like a champ: Helen (07) doing something with asparagus: Yeah, there were more but they were REALLY bad. Oh by the way every hall in East Campus has a kitchen. Because we do not have a dining hall. By the end of this entry you wont want a dining hall either ;-) I stayed out of the way for the most part (I blister easily) except to run errands and pass supplies around. Things sure were festive! Everyone gathered round with their spoons and forks for the food unveiling. Mike (08) is excited about Thanksgiving: First round of food (special thanks to the turkeys who gave their lives Betsy and Gobblin Tom): The hostess steps out to greet her guests: Readysetgo. Louis (07) can carve turkeys with his pecs but out of modesty he used a knife this time: Pattie (08) and Quentin (10) are very serious about Thanksgiving. Clockwise from top-left to bottom-left: mashed potatoes, stuffing, stuffed peppers, more stuffing with bacon, green bean casserole. Some point during the meal faces appeared at the window. Which would have been pretty creepy if they werent so darn happy. They were invited to our party. And even dessert! All in all, it was a happy day (this is Holly (07) and Louis): (this is Paul (09) Katie (06) and Jonathan) Then we all locked ourselves in our rooms indefinitely to study for our tests in EVERY CLASS! Yay! The end! Hope ya had a nice Thanksgiving! If not, theres always next year :) Post Tagged #East Campus

Evaluation Of A Qualitative Study - 908 Words

The type of study that was utilized is known as a qualitative study. A qualitative study is a study in which data is gathered without altering the surroundings. Within the area of human research, a qualitative study can present evidence about the health conditions, actions, and viewpoints that occur naturally in a particular group (research design, n.d). When researchers are required to interact with participants, surveys or interviews may be utilized to gather required data. In descriptive studies where the researcher does not communicate with the participant, observational studies of individuals in an environment, and studies containing data collection using current records are utilized (research design, n.d). The purpose of the†¦show more content†¦Accomplishing understanding involves awareness of the reasons RN’s have decided to leave the nursing profession. The literature review discovered limited research in regards to nurses who are not practicing clinically. A phenomenological research design was used to support a detailed perspective of nurses’ decisions to depart from the clinical nursing practice. The objective of qualitative phenomenological research is to depict a â€Å"lived experience† of a phenomenon (Waters, 2016). The participant explains the lived phenomenal experience which is used to gather information within a phenomenological study. Researchers may use an interview to collect the participants’ account of the experiences, or the participant may provide a written or oral report (Waters, 2016). The study’s conceptual model or theoretical framework helps guide future research to build a scientific knowledge base. The research provided fits well into the nursing practice. Acknowledging when nurses appear to be discouraged, troubled, or socially secluded may assist in retaining future registered nurses. Analyzing the nurses’ perceptions in more detail will be advantageous to nurses’, patient’s, families, and eventually enhance the quality of care. The participants were relevant to the research questions. The sample consisted of RN’s with at least 1 year of clinical experience and no clinical practice within the previous 6 months. Nurses with additional years of

Characteristics of Art History Extended Essay Topics

Characteristics of Art History Extended Essay Topics Focus on designers who focus on a particular industry niche. Before worrying about research, however, you must choose a subject and a topic. Getting your newspaper printed by our skilled authors is actually uncomplicated, though you will be running over a smaller funds. Getting your newspaper released by our specialist authors is actually simple, although you chance to be running on the minimal funds. Vital Pieces of Art History Extended Essay Topics You may only take an overall idea from it. As an outsider, it's tricky to say that there's an absolutely right decision about your selection of subject. Quite simply, the topic has to be something debatable. If you're really stuck trying to discover a not too broad or narrow topic, I would recommend attempting to brainstorm a topic that employs a comparison. Without tasting smelling touching or hearing it may be difficult to find oneself in an alternate universe through a sheet of art work that was the artists intended purpose. Tradition commonly dictates that they're thwarted and lose in the long run. There's no exception for art. Facts, Fiction and Art History Extended Essay Topics Moreover, it's your opportunity to research any issue from the past that isn't included in your school curriculum. Given that tutorial essays are typical in the area of schooling and exploration, you should be certain your writing is just as reasonable, exciting and enlightening. Finding a whole country to go from the company of normal life to mobilizing to defeat an enemy is an intimidating job, and an attractive illustration followed by a great deal of small text was not likely to do it. What's truly puzzling, nevertheless, is that the 3 participants in the crime each tell a wholly different story of the husband's death. Above the duration of the tutorial occupation, you will be asked for to compose a great deal of essays and papers on several subjects, based on the coaching routine. It seriously isn't really effortless to supply an important essay because it wants a sizable quantity of your time and comprehension. Over the duration of your respective educational occupation, you may be asked for to compose a good deal of papers and essays on several subject areas, based on the teaching computer software. Over the duration of the educational profession, you will be asked for to compose many papers and essays on lots of subjects, based on the schooling approach. The End of Art History Extended Essay Topics History essays find it impossible to center on subjects that occurred in the last ten years that's simply not history. You will receive exclusive texts, which will be concluded in time. You will receive exceptional texts, that'll be concluded in time. You will probably acquire distinctive texts, which has the ability to be concluded in time. The 5-Minute Rule for Art History Extended Essay Topics Really, you are going to be abl e to coordinate employing the author on line and go over your assignments. Essentially, you will figure out how to coordinate while using the author on line and go over your assignments. In reality, you're likely to be capable of coordinate along with the author on line and speak about your assignments. In truth, it is possible to satisfy with all the author on line and concentrate on your research. Things You Won't Like About Art History Extended Essay Topics and Things You Will For instance, if you want for merely a 10-page essay, you're likely to truly will need to include just 5 web pages. Additionally, it is also going to provide knowledge based on various writing and research procedures. No one in the history of school has ever requested to compose a term paper but with preparation and a superb subject, you can produce the research fun and receive a fantastic grade. In an Applied Chemistry essay, students may use any preceding data as a key source but, it ought to be analysed personally and ought to be evaluated. Persuasive essay on why students ought to be allowed cell phones in elementary i want my children to have a mobile phone in school in the event of an. They really need to prepare just about every motion that choose and do not have free time for his or her personal lifetime. They really have to prepare just about every motion that consider and do not have free time for his or her non-public lifetime. They need to approach each individual motion that get and do not have free time for his or her personal lifetime. Irrespective of your want is very likely to be, it's surely apparent that you decide to need to have both help in assignment or assist with thesis. Basically, you are going to be able to coordinate with all the author on line and talk about your assignments. Art History Extended Essay Topics - the Conspiracy The majority of the folks have a tendency to run away from politics and thus the politics essays also, therefore it is quite important to grab the eye of the readers till the conclusion of the essay and that would be much difficult I know. Normally, it's really simple to locate fully free essay, but there exists an additional dilemma for receiving the essay, which you definitely need to have. Usually, it genuinely is extremely straightforward to discover wholly free essay, but there exists yet one more challenge to get the essay, which you genuinely will need to have. You may create the identical kind of essay regardless of what design the quetion will take. You only need to look closer to get some amazing art essay ideas. The exact same happens if we are looking for art essay ideas. Before writing your final essay, you will need to learn the principles of writing.

Mobile Communication Satellite Systems Free Essays

string(115) " a satellite is in its orbit, its orbit is also affected by the presence of other bodies such as the Moon and Sun\." Introduction In this era of 21st century one cannot imagine human life without mobile communication. From mobile handsets to computers, smart-phones to laptops, iPads and Cable Television systems everything is part of this mobile communication era. As the countries are progressing, competition among them is increasing all over the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile Communication Satellite Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the advancement in technology lives of people are getting faster and busier, businesses and industries are expanding globally, therefore, the demand for mobile communication is increasing immensely with every passing day. Scientists, researchers and engineers are always looking for ways to serve the world with this demanding technology in every possible way. During the last 25 years there has been a tremendous growth in the field of satellite communication. The idea of using the Satellite Systems for mobile communication has appealed to many people in the past and it still continue to do so. There has been an extensive research going on in this particular area globally. A lot of progress has been achieved so far but it is a fact that advancement in technology can probably never end. As the demand for communication is increasing, means and resources to carry out this communication are often limited. For instance if communication of information is to take place between the countries that are hundreds of miles apart, across the ocean, the typical wired medium cannot always be used. And also how are we supposed to communicate when we are not connected to the land communication systems by any meansHere satellite systems come into play. With the help of satellite systems we can provide mobile communication services even to very fast moving vehicles, to the aircrafts during flights, to ships and submarines in oceans, and also to remote areas of earth where there is no communication infrastructure. So in this way we are able to provide services to the areas where application of wired cable medium is not always practically possible. Satellites are the object that revolves around the earth in fixed orbits. These satellites are at typically 400 km to 36000 km above the earth surface. Our purpose of communication over long distances is served by these satellites. Another advantage of using the satellite systems for communication is that they can cover a very large geographical area over the earth surface to provide communication means. When we are using a satellite system we are not limited by the problem factors that we encounter on earth such as laying hundreds of miles of expensive cables, space and land to store machinery and equipment to handle this sort of communication, buildings to handle all the infrastructure needed etc. Therefore, Satellite Systems are often given a thought as a better alternative for mobile communication. Before we look into the details of how mobile communication takes place through these satellites, we need to first understand the satellite systems in general as well to have a better understanding of how the whole technology works. Satellites are sent into space from earth. When in space above the earth surface, these satellites are made to revolve around the earth in fixed orbits with the help of gravitational force of the earth. To understand the phenomenon we can take a very simple and well known example from nature and that is of the Moon. Moon is the natural satellite and as it revolves around the earth, it shines over a huge geographical region of the earth. In a similar fashion, man made artificial satellites, though not as big as the moon but still, covers a considerably large section of the earth to provide communication. These artificial telecommunication satellites can be in four different kinds of orbits above the earth surface depending on the purpose they were sent into space. These can either be geo-stationary orbits, elliptical orbits, medium earth orbit or low earth orbits. In geo-stationary orbits, as shown in Figure 1, the satellite remains at a fixed location over the earth surface which means it covers the same geographical region of the earth. Figure1: Geo-Stationary Orbit Elliptical orbits are used when satellites are required to cover a certain geographical area of the earth for longer period of time than the other geographical region of the earth. Figure 2 displays in general a satellite in an elliptical orbit. Figure2: Elliptical Orbiting Satellite Medium earth orbit is between 5000 km to 15000 km above the earth surface. While in low earth orbits, satellites revolve around the earth in circular orbit at about 400 km above the earth surface. Figure 3 depicts the low earth orbits (LEO) and medium earth orbits (MEO) of a satellite. Figure3: LEO and MEO orbiting Satellite Three types of services can be offered by a telecommunication satellite. First is FSS (Fixed Satellite Services), which is for long distance telecommunication services provided by different telecommunication networks on earth stations. Second is DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite services), which is used for direct Television signals broadcasting from large earth stations. And third is MSS (Mobile Satellite Services), which is used to provide mobile communication services to different stations on earth. In the year 1976, Mobile Satellite Communication was started by Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), which is a US based company belonging to the field of telecommunications. The communication satellites launched by them were called MARISAT (Maritime Satellites) and later an International Maritime Satellite organization (INMARSAT) was formed which now provides Mobile Satellite Communication Services [1]. Earlier satellite communication used to take place by routing calls and information from public landline to an earth station first, and then forwarding them to the satellite. But now mobile communication can take place directly between a satellite and a station or handset on earth. This entire phenomenon fantastically sounds simple but there can be few problems as well in using satellites for mobile communications. For instance, keeping the satellite in its orbit is not an easy task. The orbital motion does not depend only upon the earth’s gravitational pull. When a satellite is in its orbit, its orbit is also affected by the presence of other bodies such as the Moon and Sun. You read "Mobile Communication Satellite Systems" in category "Essay examples" Moreover, our earth is not a perfect sphere so its own gravitational force on a satellite can vary at different locations and the Moon and Sun have their own gravitational forces as well that affects the path of a satellite. Under all these circumstances, satellites do drift from their original path which needs to be adjusted in order to keep the satellite on track. To transmit and receive signals, these telecommunication satellites have a number of antennas to receive signals from one mobile earth station and transmit it to one or more mobile earth station. There is a Doppler Shift as well in the transmitted signal which occurs because of the movement of the satellite and rotation of the earth about its own axis. Mobile communication satellite systems can provide services to those areas that cannot get services from networks on earth. These systems can be of three possible forms [2]. First is that a direct link to the gateway of satellite station can be given to a mobile earth station to connect to the network. Second is that a mobile earth station can be connected to a translator station through a radio link which is responsible to transmit the data from a mobile earth station to the gateway station through a satellite link. In the third type of mobile communication satellite system again a direct link can be provided to a mobile earth station but a dedicated satellite system would be required for this purpose. Different frequency bands are allocated to the satellites to perform mobile communication. Mostly used frequency bands are L-Band, C-Band, Ka-Band and Ku-Band. L-Band has the uplink frequency of 1.6 GHz and a downlink frequency of 1.5 GHz for commercial mobile satellite services (MSS). The long wavelength of this band allows it penetrate building structures and also get least affected by rain. Therefore, less powerful antenna transmitters are required. C-Band has the uplink frequency of 6 GHz and a downlink frequency of 4 GHz. Ka-Band uplink and downlink frequencies are 30 GHz and 20 GHz respectively for commercial use of mobile satellite mobile services and 44 GHz and 20 GHz of uplink and downlink frequencies for military use. This band has very large spectrum and high bandwidths available. But due to short wavelengths, it is largely affected by rain. Therefore, to increase the signal power very high power transmitters are required. On the other hand, Ku-Band has the medium range of frequencies. The uplink frequency is 14 GHz and downlink frequency is 12 GHz for fixed commercial use. Due to medium wavelengths, its signals can also penetrate many structures and are still able to provide high bandwidths but still they are affected by rain. As the earth terrestrial networks, satellites are also required to serve a number of users simultaneously. So at a time when millions of users are accessing satellite services there is a need to have some sort of mechanism to differentiate and secure each user’s transmission. For this purpose, there are a number of multiple access schemes of which the three most commonly used are TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). In TDMA, there are different time slots. Each mobile earth station transmits its data in chunks in a specific time slot at the same frequency. So the data of each user is differentiated in different time slots. In FDMA, different frequency bands are allocated to different users for both the uplink and downlink channels. However, TDMA is a better because of its lower distortions of inter-modulation. In FDMA, downlink bandwidth is divided among a number of users whereas in TDMA full downlink bandwidth is available to all users during a specific time slot allocated. Also in FDMA, we may have to decrease transponder power by one half to minimize the distortion due to inter-modulation. The third most commonly used multiple access scheme CDMA has no restrictions as in TDMA and FDMA. Each user can transmit its data at any time and can also use the same frequency bandwidth. In CDMA, each mobile earth station’s transmission is separated by a unique code. Signals transmission are separated by using spread spectrum technology that is why CDMA is also called Spread spectrum Multiple Access. Spread spectrum scheme assigns to each mobile station a unique code to generate a pseudorandom sequence to separate signals transmission and to spread the transmission across the whole bandwidth available from the satellite. When the signals transmission arrives at the receiver, it can be extracted by using the same sequence generated initially. The only limitation of the CDMA scheme is that it is very expensive to implement and can support a very limited number of mobile earth stations at a time. As the science has advanced in technology, there are a number of mobile communication satellite systems now. Now we have a look at the different mobile communications satellite systems that exist today. These mobile communication satellite systems are divided into three groups namely: Geo-Stationary Systems, Big Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Systems and little Low Earth Orbit Systems. In Geo-stationary systems, INMARSAT and MSAT are the two satellite systems that we have. In Big LEO systems we have IRIDIUM, ARIES, ELLIPSO and ODYSSEY satellite systems. For little LEO systems we have LEOSAT, STARNET, ORBCOMM, and VITASAT satellite systems. Of these satellite systems, International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) System is a very well known global mobile satellite telecommunication system. These satellite systems are connected to PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Networks) and they provide connectivity and communication services to a mobile earth station all over the world. Which means a user with a satellite mobile handset connected to the INMARSAT satellite system can receive services while roaming in any part of the world without being dependent on local terrestrial public networks. So a satellite connection proves to be really helpful in case something goes wrong with the terrestrial network such as a natural disaster etc. INMARSAT is running its operation on four geo stationary satellites providing global coverage namely: INMARSAT-A, INMARSAT-M, INMARSAT-B and INMARSAT-C. High quality telephone, fax and high speed data services are provided by INMARSAT-A satellite system. In addition to dialling to a telephone or fax number directly, it can also provide image and video transmission services. INMARSAT-M provide services at a much cheaper rate as compared to INMARSAT-A. It has a fully digital and portable terminal to provide high quality cellular voice and data transmission services. Additional functionalities are added in INMARSAT-B satellite system compared to INMARSAT-A at a much lower charges. Along with new services, it provides very high quality voice services and very high data rates with a scope to increase them further in future. INMARSAT-C comes as a low cost communication system with a light weight terminal powered by a battery. It comes with a small personal computer to communicate with the network headquarter whenever needed. The following Figure 4 shows the statistics of the INMARSAT satellite systems all over the world [3]. Figure 4: INMARSAT Satellite System Coverage and Service Providers [3] Iridium Satellite System was proposed and developed by the Motorola Company in collaboration with a few other companies. This satellite has been purchase by the Iridium, Inc Company. In this satellite system, satellites are set into orbits in 6 different polar orbital planes with a total of 72 satellites at about 780 km above the earth surface [4]. Satellites are divided into groups of 11 with equal distance among them. These are all Low Earth Orbit Satellites. L-Band frequency band is used by mobile earth stations to access satellite link using TDMA or FDMA schemes. Access of the mobile stations need to be synchronized to enable them to transmit and receive in the same time frame slot. Each satellite can handle more than 1000 calls at a time. All the satellites can route traffic to each other as well. This satellite system is designed in such a way that global coverage is achieved and gateway stations, which need to be connected to public switched telephone network on earth, requir ed are less in number. Two other LEO satellites systems are ARIES and ELLIPSO which are set into circular orbits above the equator to provide low cost services. Another very well known satellite system is GLOBALSTAR system which provided full global connectivity. This system consists of 48 satellites divided into groups of 6. These satellites are set into orbit in eight different planes at 1414 km above the earth surface and are inclined at 45degrees and 135degrees to the equator. There is no exchange of data among these satellites as in the Iridium System. Therefore, a mobile earth station can only get access to the satellite link when the satellite has a line of sight path to the gateway earth station. Mobile stations can access the satellite using L-Band frequency band. Code division Multiple Access (CDMA) scheme is used to separate transmission of each mobile station. Six spot beams are used to cover the same geographical area on earth as is required by the Iridium satellite system. Satellites in GLOBALSTAR system complete their lifecycle between 5 to 15 years. OrbComm launched its first two satellites in 1995. This satellite system is capable of providing remote monitoring and mobile tracking along with many other commercial services. OrbComm also contains 48 satellites which are in Low Earth Orbits. Access by mobile earth stations to these satellites is made on VHF (very high Frequency) band. The uplink band is 148 MHz to 150 MHz and the downlink band is between 137 MHZ to 138 MHz. Signal and data transmitted from the satellites are not directly forwarded to hand held devices first, rather they are first diverted to the gateway station on earth or public switched telephone network and then they are forwarded to mobile handsets. Satellites in this system have a lifecycle of about four years. Intermediate Circular Orbit (ICO) satellite system consists of ten satellites with the help of which it can provide full global coverage. These satellites are divided into groups of five into two orbital planes at about 10,355 km above the earth surface. They orbit the earth the earth in about 6 hours serving a geographical area on earth for 20 minutes. Each satellite in the Intermediate Circular orbit can provide up to 4500 channels for voice data traffic and access to these channels is made secure and reliable by using the Code Division Multiple Accessing (CDMA) scheme. The terminals ICO systems are capable of supporting dual mode which means that they can operate with satellite and as well as public switched telephone networks. In this entire scenario, each type of satellite system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Geo-Stationary satellites can be useful for one form of mobile communication but in some scenarios it may be more feasible to use Low Earth Orbit satellite system. Like with the help of three Geo-Stationary satellites we can provide almost full global coverage. As the satellites remain at the same point above the earth in Geo-Stationary system, the transmitters and receivers can have the fixed antenna positions without the need to keep track of the satellite which at times can become a very tedious task. Because they are located at about 36000 km above the earth, they are less affected by the atmosphere around the earth during its orbit making its life cycle greater than the other satellite systems. On the other hand, there are certain disadvantages of the Geo-Stationary system as well. Besides almost having no coverage at the north and south poles, one of the biggest problems in this sys tem is performing voice and data communication over these satellites. Because they are far away from earth’s surface, there is very high latency or delay in the transmission and reception which makes it unfeasible for voice traffic. And also because of its large distance from earth’s surface, very high power antennas are required for these satellites which consumes a significant battery power. Moreover, sending a satellite into a Geo-stationary orbit from earth is very expensive as compared to other Low Earth Orbit satellites. While with the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems, transmission rates of about 2.4 kbps can carry out voice data communication efficiently. Because these satellites are orbiting the earth at much lower altitude as compared to Geo-Stationary satellites, transmission power required for the antennas is much less which in turn saves the overall battery power consumed. And for the same reason, the delay or latency in the transmission is much less which can compete with the wired cable terrestrial networks on earth. Higher elevation of these satellites to the equator enables are better coverage at the north and south poles. And also because the geographical area covered by one satellite in LEO system is smaller; frequency reuse policy can be best utilized. On the other hand, the very obvious and possibly the one of the biggest problem with this satellite system is the need to have a large number of satellites to provide global coverage. As the satellites in this system do not stay at a fixed position over the earth surface, their serving time geographical is only about 10 to 15 minutes which require very complex antenna mechanism on earth to keep track of the satellites. Another disadvantage of having low earth orbits is the very short lifetime of a satellite. Friction from earth’s surrounding atmosphere can severely effect the lifetime of a satellite in LEO satellite system. If a satellite mobile user is roaming around the world, providing global connectivity to that user also require interconnectivity of these large number of satellites. Mobile Communication Satellite Systems are evolving very quickly in this era to keep pace with the increasing demand of communication globally. The trend is shifting towards the LEO satellite systems from the Geo-Stationary satellite systems because of very less latency delays in LEO systems as far as voice data communication is concerned. However, these satellite systems cannot fully replace the need of terrestrial networks because of these systems are still very expensive for an average user and not all countries of the world are developed enough to cope up with these satellites systems. References: [1] Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications, Chapter 2, Michael John Ryan, University of New South Wales [2] Requirements for a Mobile Communications Satellite System. Volume 1: Executive summary, Final Report, 15 Dec. 1981 – 31 Mar. 1983, TRW, Inc., Redondo Beach, CA. [3] The Use of Mobile Satellite Communications in Disaster Mitigation, Eugene I. Staffa, World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction Technical Committee Session C [4] The Past, Present and Future of Satellite Communications, John V. Evans How to cite Mobile Communication Satellite Systems, Essay examples

Nurse as a Team Builder Sentence Outline

Abstract This paper will discuss teambuilding in nursing and how it affects the way nurses perform their roles in different healthcare settings. The journal article to be reviewed in this discussion uncovers more information about effective strategies that nurses need to use to network and share information with other healthcare professionals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse as a Team Builder Sentence Outline specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article also reveals why healthcare administrators need to implement effective teamwork systems that encourage nurses to collaborate and share ideas. Barriers that make it difficult for workers to collaborate and share ideas will also be highlighted. This paper will show the importance of teambuilding in nursing and how it helps nurses offer quality care to their patients. Teams help organizations become more competitive in their operations in industries they operat e in. Nurse as a Team-Builder Sentence Outline Thesis Statement: In modern healthcare systems, healthcare services have become more specialized and this requires all nurses to collaborate and share knowledge to achieve good outcomes in their duties (Gonzalez Rotman, 2010, p. 2). Importance of Strong Structures and Defining a Team Strong Structures. Strong workplace structures make workers more focused which help them understand their responsibilities and organizational expectations they need to attain. Healthcare professionals need to be guided by clear workplace policies to help them attain good results in different tasks they are required to perform The issue of patient care and safety is very important in any healthcare environment. Effective relationships between nurses encourage them to share knowledge. As a result, they reduce unnecessary errors in their duties which helps them provide high quality care to their patients. All workplace barriers need to be eliminated to ens ure nurses are provided with good working conditions to make them provide high quality healthcare services to their patients. Definition of a Team A team can be described as a collection of people willing to share their skills, resources and ideas to achieve common goals, using a common approach which they are answerable to. A team is also a group of professionals who are mandated by their organizations to pool their collective efforts and ideas to enable them achieve positive outcomes out of various work processes. For a team to achieve good outcomes, all members need to be diligent to enable them attain their individual as well as collective goals. They need to make personal sacrifices to stay focused on various tasks they are expected to perform in their respective workstations. Teams are able to perform more tasks than individuals especially when members communicate with each other effectively. Members need to accommodate their ideological differences to ensure everyone is g iven a fair chance to participate in all processes that enable workplace teams to attain their goals. Meetings serve as important forums in which different team members decide on different agendas they intend to pursue to achieve good results. In meetings, members are able to discuss various issues that affect them and they are able to propose solutions to these issues to enable them achieve positive outcomes. Forming a Team Five Main Stages Forming: This involves people with common interests and goals coming together to discuss the specific agenda that makes them perform various tasks as a team. Storming: This is the stage where disputes between various members are likely to arise due to different competing interests. In some instances, some members may not be pleased with the direction the team is moving, especially when their ideas are not taken seriously. Norming: This is the stage when group members compromise and resolve their disputes. Afterwards, all members are able to unite and come up with an agreeable structure where all members are assigned specific roles they are required to perform. Performing: In this stage, all members collaborate to perform various tasks they have been assigned. All members work within the structure earlier established and they set targets and timelines in which they expect to accomplish them. Reforming: This is the stage when the team disbands after objectives that brought them together are accomplished. However in some instances, a team may disband even before it has attained the objectives it had set for itself at the onset if members fail to collaborate to achieve desired results. Important Elements A team needs a strong leader to help it execute its functions more effectively. A strong leader needs to help a team understand its vision and specific actions it needs to perform to achieve its objectives. A team needs to have specific goals and objectives to help it measure the success it has achieved out of various tasks. This helps members evaluate their contributions after a specific period of time to find out if their efforts satisfy their expectations. A team also needs adequate resources in form of time and money to help members perform all duties assigned to them more effectively. This makes members dedicate their efforts towards achieving set goals. A team also needs to understand the vision of the health institution its members work for. This helps all members to understand specific actions they need to do to achieve positive results. Teams need to allocate time for members to bond with one another to make them have a unity of purpose. This enables all nurses to share their experiences freely. Team Building Barriers and Team Relationships Barriers Gender differences are likely to have an impact on the way nurses perform their duties in a team setup. Differences in age are likely to affect how team members perform their responsibilities. Inadequate resources in form of time, materia ls and financial funds may make it difficult for team members to execute their functions. Unclear objectives make members not to have a clear focus about what they intend to do. Team Relationships Every individual needs to be given adequate resources to perform all responsibilities he or she has been assigned at work. Strong relationships allow nurses to identify their weaknesses to come up with proper solutions on how they need to solve them. Nurses who easily collaborate on various tasks are able to attain set targets easily. Strong team relationships also help nurses to acquire multi-disciplinary skills which make them perform various tasks in the healthcare settings more effectively. Networking, Sharing Knowledge Outcomes Importance of Networking Networking between different healthcare professionals occurs during meetings, events and conferences. These interactions enable healthcare workers to socialize and establish strong relationships with other professionals. Some un planned encounters between health professionals can also open up opportunities for future networking. Nurses working in different departments can also network and share knowledge related to different areas of their expertise. Sharing Knowledge Nurses need to share knowledge by socializing with their colleagues at work. They need to join professional nursing organizations to share their experiences with other caregivers working in different healthcare settings. Networking allows nurses to acquire new skills which are beneficial to their careers and their patients. Nurses can also network through electronic modes of communication such as the internet with other nurses in different healthcare settings in other parts of the world. Benefits and Outcomes Teamwork and networking helps nurses acquire multi disciplinary skills which make them more effective in their duties at work. This helps a healthcare institution to develop solutions to common problems it faces. Nurses who share information are able to build trust and confidence in each other. As a result, this helps them to grow and develop new capabilities to handle various challenges in their workstations. Organizations that encourage their nurses to network are able to develop strong synergies which help them deal with complex problems they are facing easily. Effective team building approaches make nurses more satisfied and committed to healthcare organizations they are working in. Conclusion Team building and networking helps all nurses acquire vital skills that make them offer quality healthcare services to their patients. Healthcare organizations need to improve working conditions for nurses to make them more competitive in their duties. They need to offer adequate resources to their employees to encourage them to form strong collaborations with their colleagues. Teambuilding can only succeed if nurses have clear objectives to make them more focused in their responsibilities. This will help them att ain good outcomes out of different activities they undertake. References Gonzalez, C.M., Rotman, S. (2010). Building blocks of teamwork: Effective strategies can reduce turnover rates, improve group cohesion and nurse satisfaction. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 11(2), 2-10. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Nurse as a Team Builder Sentence Outline was written and submitted by user Kas0n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Slavery Issue essays

Slavery Issue essays In order for the south to remain strong and compete against other states, cotton had to keep flourishing, and for that to happen slavery was a necessity. Slave labor was required at all times, because it was such a useful crop. Also the South's climate was especially suited to the cultivation of cotton. It also didn't require expensive irrigation canals or costly machinery and so could be made profitable no matter on what scale it was being grown. Although one did not need slaves in order to cultivate cotton, large scale growing did require slaves to manage a farm. As a senator from South Carolina once said, "No! You dare not make war upon cotton; no power on earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is King. James H. Hammond was born in the year 1807 and he served as Gov. of SC and as U.S. Senate. Hammond was an early believer in secession, but during the turmoil he began to doubt the wisdom of secession, thinking the South could attain its desired ends within the Union. In his speech called Cotton is King, Hammond targets the whites who dread the thought of a general emancipation of slaves, as that would encourage the blacks to entertain ideas of social equality with whites. Hammond also targets the white farm owners, and encourages them to keep the strict hold of the slaves, as abolishing slavery could lead to a downfall in the south. In addition, Hammond argues for the rightness of southern slavery, due to the creation of abundance cotton and its success in trades across Europe. He believed that the old south possessed strong bonds of unity that derived from slavery, and that slavery gave southern society a distinctive cast. Also the, white southerners benefited form the three-fifth s clause of the Constitution, and in order for that to keep on happening slavery was required. The southern state societies economy went through a major boom in the 1850s due the production of three-fourths ...

An Update About Deforestation in Canada

An Update About Deforestation in Canada Deforestation, or the loss of forests, is progressing at a fast pace worldwide. This issue gets much attention in tropical regions where rainforests are converted to agriculture, but large swaths of boreal forests are cut each year in colder climates. Canada has long enjoyed an excellent standing in terms of environmental stewardship. That reputation is being seriously challenged as the federal government is promoting aggressive policies on fossil fuel exploitation, dropping climate change commitments, and muzzling federal scientists. What does Canada’s recent record on deforestation look like? An Important Player in the Global Forest Picture Canada’s use of its forest is significant because of the global importance of its wooded lands – 10% of the world’s forests are located there. Most of it is boreal forest, defined by stands of coniferous trees in subarctic regions. A lot of the boreal forest is far from roads and this isolation makes Canada the steward of much of the remaining primary or â€Å"pristine forests† not fragmented by human activity. These wilderness areas play important roles as wildlife habitat and as climate regulators. They produce large amounts of oxygen and store carbon, thus reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is a key greenhouse gas. Net Losses Since 1975, about 3.3 million hectares (or 8.15 million acres) of Canadian forest were converted to non-forest uses, representing about 1% of the total forested areas. These new uses are primarily agriculture, oil/gas/mining, but also urban development. Such changes in land use can truly be considered deforestation, as they result in permanent or at least very long-lasting loss of forest cover. Cut Forests Does Not Necessarily Mean Lost Forest Now, a much greater amount of forest is cut each year as part of the forest products industry. These forest cuts amount to around a half million hectares a year. The main products issued from Canada’s boreal forest are softwood lumber (typically used in construction), paper, and plywood. The forest products sector’s contribution to the country’s GDP is now only slightly more than 1%. Canada’s forestry activities do not convert forests into pastures like in the Amazon Basin, or into palm oil plantations as in Indonesia. Instead, forestry activities are done as part of management plans prescribing practices to encourage natural regeneration or the direct replanting of new seedling trees. Either way, the cutover areas will return to forest cover, with only a temporary loss of habitat or carbon-storing capabilities. Around 40% of Canada’s forests are enrolled in one of the three leading forest certification programs, which require sustainable management practices. A Major Concern, Primary Forests The knowledge that most forests cut in Canada are managed to grow back doesn’t detract from the fact that primary forest continued to be cut at an alarming rate. Between 2000 and 2014, Canada is responsible for the greatest total loss, acreage-wise, of primary forest in the world. This loss is due to the continued spread of road networks, logging, and mining activities. Over 20% of the world’s total loss of primary forests occurred in Canada. These forests will grow back to, but not as secondary forests. Wildlife necessitating large amounts of land (for example, woodland caribou and wolverines) will not come back, invasive species will follow the road networks, as will hunters, mining prospectors, and second-home developers. Perhaps less tangibly, but just as importantly, the unique character of the vast and wild boreal forest will be diminished. Sources: ESRI. 2011. Canadian Deforestation Mapping and Carbon Accounting for Kyoto Agreement.Global Forest Watch. 2014. World Lost 8 Percent of its Remaining Pristine Forests Since 2000.Natural Resources Canada. 2013. The State of Canada’s Forests. Annual Report.

Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Epistemology - Essay Example First and foremost, this paper also deals with how theories are studied so that people may interpret and understand information, and develop them to form their own research studies. This is known as hermeneutics, and phenomenology would refer to how individuals study the philosophies of the world and what exactly it means to them. For this study, it is important to understand that without these theories, human beings would be lost when it comes to how they understand the world. Knowledge has to come from somewhere and this is illustrated in this paper through the mention of various research methodologies and approaches, dispositions and cognitive theories. As the study declares qualitative and quantitative approaches are two main approaches when it comes to research methodology. At this point it is important to first understand both qualitative and quantitative approaches in order to understand how research studies are brought about, as well as the epistemology and ontology approaches when it comes to research work. In a qualitative study, the researcher is not so interested in obtaining a set of facts, but rather is more interested in gaining insight into a perspective (Johnson, 1984). The philosophy of the qualitative approach is that knowledge and facts are subjective and that problems cannot be fully understood in isolation. In this light, should problems arise, they should be viewed as part of a complex pattern of links and relationships.

Annual reports of Boots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Annual reports of Boots - Essay Example Return on capital employed has dropped from 18.15% in 2004 to 13.95% in 2005. Gross profit margin shows how much profit was made out of every dollar of sales before covering operating expenses. The gross profit margin has only improved very slightly from 45.67% in 2004 to 46.05% in 2005. Net profit margin shows how much profit was made out of every dollar of sales after covering all costs and expenses. The net profit margin has decreased from 7.73% in 2004 to 5.53% in 2005. Return on assets shows how much profit was earned out of every dollar of total assets. Return on assets has declined from 11.75% in 2004 to 8.76% in 2005. Return on owners' equity shows profit available to equity owners out of every dollar of their investment. Return on owners' equity has also decreased from 22.76% in 2004 to 18.78% in 2005. The downward trend of the profitability ratios indicates weakness. Liquidity ratios are indicators of short-term financial stability. They show whether the business is able to meet its current debt obligation. The liquidity ratios include current ratio and acid test ratio. The current ratio shows the company's ability to meet its current debt obligations (due within 12 months) with assets that can be converted into cash within a short period. Though the current ratio has decreased from 1.5170 in 2004 to 1.4671 in 2005, it is still considered satisfactory being more than 1. This means that the current assets can cover current liabilities with a margin of safety. If the ratio is too big, it may mean that the firm has too much liquidity and is not optimising its investment opportunities. The acid test ratio shows whether the firm has sufficient liquid resources (assets that can be converted into cash very quickly) to meet its current liabilities. The acid test ratio indicates weakness as it has decreased from 0.9086 in 2004 to 0.8027 in 2005. The rati os in both years are less than 1, which means that the company may have difficulty in meeting its short-term financial claims with its liquid assets. Use-of-assets ratios indicate operating efficiency and how well the assets

Child With Failure To Thrive Health And Social Care Essay

Child With Failure To Thrive Health And Social Care Essay In this review article, the definition, aetiology, evaluation, differential diagnoses, management, prevention and prognosis of failure to thrive are discussed. Failure to thrive (FTT) is a common problem in paediatric practice, affecting 5-10% of under-fives in developed countries with a higher incidence in developing countries. Majority of cases of FTT are due to a combination of nutritional and environmental deprivation secondary to parental poverty and/or ignorance. Many infants with FTT are not identified. The key to diagnosing FTT is finding the time in busy clinical practice to accurately measure and plot a childs weight, height and head circumference, and then assess the trend. In the evaluation of the child who has failed to thrive, three initial steps required to develop an economical treatment-centred approach are: (i) A thorough history including itemized psychosocial review, (ii) Careful physical examination and (iii) Direct observation of the childs behaviour and of parent-child interaction. Laboratory evaluation should be guided by history and physical examination findings only. Once FTT is identified in a particular child, th e management should begin with a careful search for its aetiology. Two principles that hold true irrespective of aetiology are that all children with FTT need a high-calorie diet for catch-up growth (typically 150 percent of their caloric requirement for their expected, not actual weight) and all children with FTT need a careful follow up. Social issues of the family must also be addressed. A multidisplinary approach is recommended when FTT persists despite intervention or when it is severe. Overall, only a third of children with FTT are ultimately judged to be normal. Keywords: Failure to thrive, growth deficiency, undernutrition. INTRODUCTION Although the term failure to thrive (FTT) has been in use in the medical parlance for quite some time now, its precise definition has remained debatable1. consequently, other terms such as undernutrition1 and growth deficiency2 have been proposed as preferable. FTT is a descriptive term applied to young children physical growth is less than that of his or her peers.3 The growth failure may begin either in the neonatal period or after a period of normal physical development.4 The term FTT is not, in itself, a disease but a symptom or sign common to a wide variety of disorders which may have little in common except for their negative effect on growth.5 In this regard, a cause must always be sought. Often, the evaluation of children who fail to thrive pose a difficult diagnostic problem. Some of the difficulties result from the numerous differential diagnoses, the definition used or misdirected tendency to search aggressively for underlying organic diseases while neglecting aetiologies based on environmental deprivation.6 In addition, early accusations and alienation of the childs parents by the health-care provider will make the evaluation and management of the child who has failed to thrive more difficult.7 In general, factors that influence a childs growth include: (i) A childs nutritional status; (ii) A childs health; (iii) Family issues; and (iv) The parent-child interactions.3,8,9 All these factors must be considered in evaluation and management of child who has failed to thrive. This paper presents a simplified but detailed approach to the evaluation and management of the child with FTT. DEFINITION The best definition for FTT is the one that refers to it as inadequate physical growth diagnosed by observation of growth over time using a standard growth chart, such as the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth chart.10 All authorities agree that only by comparing height and weight on a growth chart over time can FTT be assessed accurately.11 So far, no consensus has been reached concerning the specific anthropometric criteria to define FTT.11 Consequently, where serial anthropometric records is not available, FTT has been variously defined statistically. For instance, some authors defined FTT as weight below the third percentile for age on the growth chart or more than two standard deviations below the mean for children of the same age and sex1-3 or a weight-for-age (weight-for-hieght) Z-score less than minus two.1 Others cite a downward change in growth that has crossed two major growth percentiles in a short time.3 Still others, for diagnostic purposes, defined FTT as a disproportionate failure to gain weight in comparison to height without an apparent aetiology.6 Brayden et al.,2 suggested that FTT should be considered if a child less than 6 months old has not grown for two consecutive months or a child older than 6 months has not grown for three consecutive months. Recent research has validated that the weight-for-age approach is the simplest and most reasonable marker of FTT.12 Pitfalls of these definitions: One limitation of using the third percentile for defining FTT is that some children whose weight fall below this arbitrary statistical standard of normal are not failing to thrive but represent the three percent of normal population whose weight is less than the third percentile.5,6 In the first 2 years of life, the childs weight changes to follow the genetic predisposition of the parents height and weight.13,14 During this time of transition, children with familial short stature may cross percentiles downward and still be considered normal.14 Most children in this category find their true curve by the age of 3 years.6,14 When the percentile drop is great, it is helpful to compare the childs weight percentile to height and head circumference percentiles. These should be consistent with the position of height and head circumference percentiles of the patient.5 Another limitation of the third percentile as a criterion to define FTT is that infants can be failing to thrive with marked d eceleration of weight gain, but they remain undiagnosed and therefore, untreated until they have fallen below the arbitrary third percentile.6 These normal small children do not demonstrate the disproportionate failure to gain weight that children with FTT do.6 This approach attempts not only to prevent normal small children from being incorrectly labeled as failing to thrive, but also excludes children with pathologic proportionate short stature.14 Having excluded these easily distinguishable disorders from the differential diagnosis of FTT, simplifies the approach to evaluation of the child who has failed to thrive.6 A more encompassing definition of FTT includes any child whose weight has fallen more than two standard deviations from a previous growth curve.3,15,16 Normal shifts in growth curves in the first 2 years of life will result in less severe decline (i.e, less than 2 SD).13 Some authors have even limited the definition of FTT to only children less than 3 years old17,18 A precise age limitation is arbitrary. However, most children with FTT are under 3 years of age.6,8 EPIDEMIOLOGY In young children, FTT which does not reach the severe classical syndrome of marasmus is common in all societies.19 However, the true incidence of FTT is not known as many infants with FTT are not identified, even in developed countries.20-22 It is estimated to affect 5 10% of young children and approximately 3 5% of children admitted into teaching hospitals.3,5,23 Mitchell et al,24 using multiple criteria found that nearly 10% of under-fives attending primary health care centre in the United States showed FTT. About 5% of paediatric admissions in United Kingdom are for FTT.4 The prevalence is even higher in developing countries with wide-spread poverty and high rates of malnutrition and/or HIV infections.3,19 Children born to single teenage mothers and working mothers who work for long hours are at increased risk.22 The same is true of children in institutions such as orphanage homes and homes for the mentally retarded5,22 with an estimated incidence of 15% as a group.5 Under-feed ing is the single commonest cause of FTT and results from parental poverty and/or ignorance.19,22,24 Ninety five percent of cases of FTT are due to not enough food being offered or taken.25 The peak incidence of FTT occurs in children between the age of 9 24 months with no significant sex difference.22 Majority of children who fail to thrive are less than 18 months old.3 The syndrome of FTT is uncommon after the age of 5 years.3,22 AETIOLOGY Traditionally, causes of FTT have been classified as non-organic and organic. However, some authors have stated that this terminology is misleading.27 They based their opinion on the fact that all cases of FTT are produced by inadequate food or undernutrition and in that context, is organically determined. In addition, the distinction based on organic and non-organic causes is no longer favoured because many cases of FTT are of mixed aetiologies.3 Based on pathophysiology (the preferred classification), FTT may be classified into those due to: (i) Inadequate caloric intake; (ii) Inadequate absorption; (iii) Increased caloric requirement; and (iv) Defective utilization of calories. This classification leads to a logical organization of the many conditions that cause or contribute to FTT.10 Non organic (psychosocial) failure to thrive In non-organic failure to thrive (NFTT), there is no known medical condition causing the poor growth. It is due to poverty, psychosocial problems in the family, maternal deprivation, lack of knowledge and skill in infant nutrition among the care-givers5,11. Other risk factors include substance abuse by parents, single parenthood, general immaturity of one or both parents, economic stress and strain, temporary stresses such as family tragedies (accidents, illnesses, deaths) and marital disharmony.6,8,22 Weston et al,28 reported that 66% of mothers whose infants failed to thrive has a positive history of having been abused as children themselves, compared to 26% of controls from similar socioeconomic background. NFTT accounts for over 70% of cases of FTT.6 Of this number, approximately one-third is due to care-givers ignorance such as incorrect feeding technique, improper preparation of formula or misconception of the infants nutritional needs,29 all of which are easily corrected. A cl ose look at these risk factors for NFTT suggest that infants with growth failure may represent a flag for serious social and psychological problems in the family. For example, a depressed mother may not feed her infant adequately. The infant may, in turn, become withdrawn in response to mothers depression and feed less well.10 Extreme parental attention, either neglect or hypervigilance, can lead to FTT.10 Organic failure to thrive It occurs when there is a known underlying medical cause. Organic disorders causing FTT are most commonly infections (e.g HIV infection, tuberculosis, intestinal parasitosis), gastrointestinal (e.g., chronic diarrhoea, gastroesophageal reflux, pyloric stenosis) or neurologic (e.g., cerebral palsy, mental retardation) disorders.6,19,22 Others include genitourinary disorders (e.g., posterior urethral valve, renal tubular acidosis, chronic renal failure, UTI), congenital heart disease, and chromosomal anomalies.6,7 Together neurologic and gastrointestinal disorders account for 60 80% of all organic causes of under nutrition in developed countries.30 An important medical risk factor for under nutrition in childhood is premature birth.1 Among preterm infants, those who are small for gestational age are particularly vulnerable since prenatal factors have already exerted deleterious effect on somatic growth.1 In societies where lead poisoning is common, it is a recognized risk factor for p oor growth.5,31 Organic FTT virtually never presents with isolated growth failure, other signs and symptoms are generally evident with a detailed history and physical examination.32 Organic disorders accounts for less than 20% of cases of FTT.6 Mixed failure to thrive In mixed FTT, organic and non organic causes coexist. Those with organic disorders may also suffer from environmental deprivation. Likewise, those with severe undernutrition from non-organic FTT can develop organic medical problems. FTT with no specific aetiology Review of the literature on FTT indicate that in 12 32% of cases of children who have failed to thrive, no specific aetiology could be established.23,33-34 Causes of failure to thrive A. Prenatal cases: (i) Prematurity with its complication (ii) Toxic exposure in utero such as alcohol, smoking, medications, infections (eg rubella, CMV) (iii) Intrauterine growth restriction from any cause (iv) Chromosomal abnormalities (eg Down syndrome, Turner syndrome) (v) Dysmorphogenic syndromes. B. Postnatal causes based on pathophysiology: A. Inadequate caloric intake which may result from: i. Under feeding Incorrect preparation of formula (e.g. too dilute, too concentrated). Behaviour problems affecting eating (e.g., childs temperament). Unsuitable feeding habits (e.g., uncooperative child) Poverty leading to food shortages. Child abuse and neglect. Mechanical feeding difficulties e.g., congenital anomalies (cleft lip/palate), oromotor dysfunction. Prolonged dyspnoea of any cause B. Inadequate absorption which may be associated with: Malabsorption syndromes e.g. Celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, cows milk protein allergy, giardiasis, food sensitivity/intolerance Vitamins and mineral deficiencies e.g., zinc, vitamins A and C deficiencies. Hepatobiliary diseases e.g., biliary atresia. Necrotizing enterocolitis Short gut syndrome. C. Increased Caloric requirement due to Hyperthyroidism Chronic/recurrent infections e.g., UTI, respiratory tract infection, tuberculosis, HIV infection Chronic anaemias D. Defective Utilization of Calories Inborn errors of metabolism e.g., galactosaemia, aminoacidopathies, organic acidurias and storage diseases. Diabetes inspidus/mellitus Renal tubular acidosis Chronic hypoxaemia Clinical manifestations of FTT3,22 Commonly the parents/care-givers may complain that the child is not growing well or losing weight or not feeding well or not doing well or not like his other siblings/age mates. Usually FTT is discovered and diagnosed by the infants physician using the birthweight and health clinic anthropometric records of the child. The infant looks small for age. The child may exhibit loss of subcutaneous fat, reduced muscle mass, thin extremities, a narrow face, prominent ribs, and wasted buttocks, Evidence of neglected hygiene such as diaper rash, unwashed skin, overgrown and dirty fingernails or unwashed clothing. Other findings may include avoidance of eye contact, lack of facial expression, absence of cuddling response, hypotonia and assumption of infantile posture with clenched fists. There may be marked preoccupation with thumb sucking. EVALUATION A. Initial evaluation It has been proposed that only three initial investigations are required to develop an economical, treatment-centred approach to the child who presents with FTT and this include:35 (i) A thorough history including an itemized psychosocial review; (ii) Careful physical examination including determination of the auxological parameters; and (iii) Direct observation of the childs behaviour and of parent-child interactions. The Psychosocial Review: The psychosocial history should be as thorough and systematic as a classic physical examination Goldbloom35 suggested that the interviewers should ask themselves three questions about every family: (i) How do they look; (ii) What do they say; and (iii) What do they do? a. HISTORY (1) Nutritional history Nutritional history should include: Details of breast feeding to get an idea of number of feeds, time for each feeding, whether both breasts are given or one breast, whether the feeding is continued at night or not and how is the childs behaviour before, after and in between the feeds. It would give an idea of the adequacy or inadequacy of mothers milk. If the infant is on formula feeding: Is the formula prepared correctly? Dilute milk feed will be poor in calorie with excess water. Too concentrated milk feed may be unpalatable leading to refusal to drink. It is also essential to know the total quantity of the formula consumed. Is it given by bottle or cup and spoon? Also assess the feeling of the mother e.g., ask how do you feel when the baby does not feed well? Time of introduction of complementary feeds and any difficulty should be noted. Vitamin and mineral supplement; when started, type, amount, duration. Solid food; when started, types, how taken. Appetite; whether the appetite is temporarily or persistently impaired (if necessary calculate the caloric intake). For older children enquire about food likes and dislikes, allergies or idiosyncracies. Is the child fed forcibly? It is desirable to know the feeding routine from the time the child wakes up in the morning till he sleeps at night, so that one can get an idea of the total caloric intake and the calories supplied from protein, fat and carbohydrate as well as adequacy of vitamins and minerals intake. (2) Past and current medical history The history of prenatal care, maternal illness during pregnancy, identified fetal growth problems, prematurity and birth weight. Indicators of medical diseases such as vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, respiratory symptoms and fatigue should be noted. Past hospitalization, injuries, accidents to evaluate for child abuse and neglect. Stool pattern, frequency, consistency, presence of blood or mucus to exclude malabsorption syndromes, infection and allergy. (3) Family and social history Family and social history should include the number, ages and sex of siblings. Ascertain age of parents (Down syndrome and Klinerfelter syndrome in children of elderly mothers) and the childs place in the family (pyloric stenosis). Family history should include growth parameters of siblings. Are there other siblings with FTT (e.g., genetic causes of FTT), family members with short stature (e.g. familial short stature). Social history should determine occupation of parents, income of the family, identify those caring for the child. Child factors (e.g., temperament, development), parental factors (e.g., depression, domestic violence, social isolation, mental retardation, substance abuse) and environmental and societal factors (e.g., poverty, unemployment, illiteracy) all may contribute to growth failure.5 Historical evaluation of the child with FTT is summarized in Table 1. (b) PHYSICAL EXAMINATION The four main goals of physical examination include (i) identification of dysmorphic features suggestive of a genetic disorder impeding growth; (ii) detection of under lying disease that may impair growth; (iii) assessment for signs of possible child abuse; and (iv) assessment of the severity and possible effects of malnutrition.36,37 The basic growth parameters such as weight, height / length, head circumference and mid-upper-arm circumference must be measured carefully. Recumbent length is measured in children below 2 years of age because standing measurements can be as much as 2cm shorter.36,37 Other anthropometric data such as upper-segment-to-lower-segment ratio, sitting height and arm span should also be noted. The anthropometric index used for FTT should be weight-for-length or height. Mid-parental height (MPH) should be determined using the formula.40 For boys, the formula is: MPH = [FH + (MH 13)] 2 For girls, the formula is: MPH = [(FH 13) + MH] 2 In both equations, FH is fathers height in centimetres and MH is mothers height in centimetres. The target range is calculated as the MPH Â ± 8.5cm, representing the two standard deviation (2SD) confidence limits.14 Assessment of degree FTT The degree of FTT is usually measured by calculating each growth parameter (weight, height and weight/height ratio) as a percentage of the median value for age based on appropriate growth charts3 (See Table 3) Table 3: Assessment of degree of failure to thrive (FTT) Growth parameter Degree of Failure to Thrive Mild Moderate Severe Weight 75-90% 60 -74% Height 90 -95% 85 89% Weight/height ratio 81-90% 70 -80% Adapted from Baucher H.3 It should be noted that appropriate growth charts are often not available for children with specific medical problems, therefore serial measurements are especially important for these children.3 For premature infants, correction must be made for the extent of prematurity. Corrected age, rather than chronologic age, should be used in calculations of their growth percentiles until 1-2 years of corrected age.3 Table 2: Physical examination of infants and children with growth failure. Abnormality Diagnostic Consideration Vital signs Hypotension Hypertension Tachypnoea/Tachycardia Adrenal or thyroid insufficiency Renal diseases Increased metabolic demand Skin Pallor Poor hygiene Ecchymoses Candidiasis Eczema Erythema nodosum Anaema Neglect Abuse Immunodeficiency, HIV infection Allergic disease Ulcerative colitis, vasculitis HEENT Hair loss Chronic otitis media Cataracts Aphthous stomatitis Thyroid enlargement Stress Immunodeficiency, structural oro- facial defect Congenital rubella syndrome, galactosaemia Crohns disease Hypothyroidism Chest Wheezes Cystic fibrosis, asthma Cardiovascular Murmur Congenital heart disease(CHD) Abdomen Distension hyperactive Bowel sound Hepatosplenomegaly Malabsorption Liver disease, glycogen storage disease Genitourinary Diaper rashes Diarrhoea, neglect Rectum Empty ampulla Hirschsprungs disease Extremities Oedema Loss of muscle mass Clubbing Hypoalbuminaemia Chronic malnutrition Chronic lung disease, Cyanotic CHD Nervous system Abnormal deep tendon Reflexes Developmental delay Cranial nerve palsy Cerebral palsy Altered caloric intake or requirements Dysphagia Behaviour and temperament Uncooperative Difficult to feed. Adapted from Collins et al 41 Growth charts should be evaluated for pattern of FTT. If weight, height and head circumference are all less than what is expected for age, this may suggest an insult during intrauterine life or genetic/chromosomal factors.2 If weight and height are delayed with a normal head circumference, endocrinopathies or constitutional growth should be suspected.2 When only weight gain is delayed, this usually reflects recent energy (caloric) deprivation.2 Physical examination in infants and children with FTT is summarized in Table 2. Failure to thrive due to environmental deprivation Children with environmental deprivation primarily demonstrate signs of failure to gain weight: loss of fat, prominence of ribs and muscles wasting, especially in large muscle groups such as the gluteals.6 Developmental assessment It is important to determine the childs developmental status at the time of diagnosis because children with FTT have a higher incidence of developmental delays than the general population.36 With environmental deprivation, all milestones are usually delayed once the infant reaches 4 months of age.42 Areas dependent on environmental interactions such as language development and social adaptation are often disproportionately delayed. Specific behavioural evaluations (e.g., recording responses to approach and withdrawal), have been developed to help differentiate underlying environmental deprivation from organic disease.43 Assess the infants developmental status with a full Denver Developmental Standardized test.44 Parent-child interaction: Evaluate interaction of the parents and the child during the examination. In environmental deprivation, the parent often readily walks away from the examination table, appearing to easily abandon the child to the nurse or physician.6 There is little eye contact between child and parent and the infant is held distantly with little moulding to the parents body.6 Often the infant will not reach out for the parent and little affectionate touching is noted.6 There is little parental display of pleasure towards the infant.6 Observation of feeding is an integral part of the examination, but it is ideally done when the parents are least aware that they are being observed. Breast-fed infants should be weighed before and after several feedings over a 24-hour period since volume of milk consumed may vary with each meal. In environmental deprivation, the parents often miss the infants cues and may distract him during feeding; the infant may also turn away from food and appear distressed.6 Unnecessary force may be used during feeding. Developing a portrait of the child-parent relationship is a key to guiding intervention.11 LABORATORY EVALUATION The role of laboratory studies in the evaluation of FTT is to investigate for possible organic diagnoses suggested by the history and physical examination.33,34 If an organic aetiology is suggested, appropriate studies should be undertaken. If history and physical examination do not suggest an organic aetiology, extensive laboratory test is not indicated.6 However, on admission full blood count, ESR, urinalysis, urine culture, urea and electrolyte (including calcium and phosphorus) levels should be carried out. Screen for infections such as HIV infection, tuberculosis and intestinal parasitosis. Skeletal survey is indicated if physical abuse is strongly suspected. In addition to being unproductive, blind laboratory fishing expeditions should be avoided for the following reason:5,6 (i) they are expensive; (ii) they impair the childs ability to gain weight in a new environment both by frightening him/her with venepuncture, barium studies and other stressful procedures and the no oral f eeds associated with some investigations prevent him/her from getting enough calories; (iii) they can be misleading since a number of laboratory abnormalities are associated with psychosocial deprivation (e.g., increased serum transaminases , transient abnormalities of glucose tolerance, decreased growth hormone and iron deficiency);21 and (iv) they divert attention and resources from the more productive search for evidence of psychosocial deprivation. In one study, a total of 2,607 laboratory studies were performed, with an average of 14 tests per patient. With all tests considered, only 10(0.4%) served to establish a diagnosis and an additional 1% were able to support a diagnosis.34 Further Evaluation (1) Hospitalization: Although some authors state that most children with failure to thrive can be treated as outpatients,4,5,11,45 I think it is best to hospitalize the infant with FTT for 10 14 days. Hospitalization has both diagnostic and therapeutic benefits. Diagnostic benefits of admission may include observation for feeding, parental-child interaction, and consultation of sub-specialists. Therapeutic benefits include administration of intravenous fluids for dehydration, systemic antibiotic for infection, blood transfusion for anaemia and possibly, parenteral nutrition, all of which are often in-hospital procedures. In addition, if an organic aetiology is discovered for the FTT, specific therapy can be initiated during hospitalization. In psychosocial FTT, hospitalization provides opportunity to educate parents about appropriate foods and feeding styles for infants. Hospitalization is necessary when the safety of the child is a concern. In most situations in our set up, there i s no viable alternative to hospitalization. (2) Quantitative assessment of intake: A prospective 3-day diet record should be a standard part of the evaluation. This is useful in assessing under nutrition even when organic disease is present. A 24-hour food recall is also desirable. Having parents write down the types of food and amounts a child eats over a three-day is one way of quantifying caloric intake. In some instances, it can make parents aware of how much the child is or is not eating.11 Table 4: Summary of risk factors for the development of failure to thrive Infant characteristics Any chronic medical condition resulting in: Inadequate intake (e.g, swallowing dysfunction, central nervous system depression, or any condition resulting in anorexia) Increased metabolic rate (e.g, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, fevers) Maldigestion or malabsorption (e.g, AIDS, cystic fibrosis, short gut, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease). Infections (e.g., HIV, TB, Giardiasis) Premature birth (especially with intrauterine growth restriction) Developmental delay Congenital anomalies Intrauterine toxin exposure (e.g. alcohol) Plumbism and/or anaemia Family characteristics Poverty Unusual health and nutrition beliefs Social isolation Disordered feeding techniques Substance abuse or other psychopathology (include Muschausen syndrome by proxy) Violence or abuse Adapted from Kleinman RE.1 Table 1: Summary of historical evaluation of infants and children with growth failure Prenatal General obstetrical history Recurrent miscarriages Was the pregnancy planned? Use of medications, drugs, or cigarettes Labour, delivery, and neonatal events Neonatal asphyxia or Apgar scores Prematurity Small for gestational age Birth weight and length Congenital malformations or infections Maternal bonding at birth Length of hospitalization Breastfeeding support Feeding difficulties during neonatal period Medical history of child Regular physician Immunizations Development Medical or surgical illnesses Frequent infections Growth history Plot previous points Nutrition history Feeding behavior and environment Perceived sensitivities or allergies to foods Quantitative assessment of intake (3-day diet record, 24-hour food recall) Social history Age and occupation of parents Who feeds the child? Life stresses (loss of job, divorce, death in family) Availability of social and economic support (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children; Aid for Families with Dependent Chi

How Does Steinbeck Present Disadvantaged Characters

Explore some of the ways in which Steinbeck presents disadvantaged characters in the novel In 1937, the American author John Steinbeck published ‘Of mice and Men'. Set in the Salinas Valley of California, it conveys the story of the struggles of the American people during ‘The Great Depression'. The Great Depression was a massive devastation throughout the whole of America where people suffered and the economy was at a huge crisis. The Unemployment rose from 3% to 26% and many people had died, showing how hard the citizens coped to survive in-between this difficult period.The Americans were in a depriving financial state full of high inflation after an economic fall known as the ‘The Wall Street Crash' The nation only helped themselves by believing in their own dreams, which meant mostly to have their own lands, be rich and live a good-life- â€Å"The American Dream†. This ideology gave the public hopes of life and something to work towards. John Steinbeck do es not only explore how people struggled for their American dream, but also describes how difficult this melancholy period in history was for the â€Å"lesser† group of individuals at the time: the disadvantaged characters.Lennie, a big simple-minded character, is a highly disadvantaged individual due to poor mental health. As Lennie is one of the predominant characters in ‘Of Mice and Men’, he is perhaps the least dynamic. He experiences no change in developing or growing in mental or practical abilities; the plain figure remains as illustrated at the start of the opening pages in the novel. Although his character is displayed in this way, despite being under privileged he is based as a central protagonists in the story. Steinbeck conveys a general initiative to his readers that, Lennie’s actions make great affection.Being basic makes his choices morally incorrect- this shows his difficulties. Steinbeck uses the character of Lennie to symbolise the mental ly underprivileged people of this period. â€Å"Let's have different colour rabbits, George. †Pg 16 â€Å"Just ain’t bright†24 Steinbeck shows his readers the stage of which Lennie's mind is developed; still like a child's, even though he is a fully-grown man. From the start of the novella, the reader must know that Steinbeck creates an illustration of Lennie as sadly being doomed, and must be sympathetic towards him.This is a construction built to present to the reader at the current time of the 1920's a huge disadvantage to the mentally handicapped society. The simple-minded character of Lennie also leads him to lack in responsibility and trust. He is shown to have no knowledge of any financial or general life problems, therefore Steinbeck creates a main part for George to play in, and this is where he has to take the weight on his shoulders for Lennie. †if you jus' happen to get in trouble like you always done before, I want you to come right here an' h ide in the brush†, †Leggo his hand, Lennie†, 64 You tol' me to George,†64 The author is trying to portray an image to his readers that Lennie cannot think for his self and has to be controlled; this is another big under privilege towards the mentally handicapped people. Lennie also speaks without grammatical sense and this shows he is uneducated and not taught to talk proper English, â€Å"they was so little† pg 11 â€Å"Don't tell nobody† PG61 Lastly the biggest let down for the simple minded figure is not being able to adapt a level of understanding to the normal person , Lennie cannot tell the strength he applies or has when used.This makes him very innocent when attacking someone without knowing, He also loves to pet animals and furry material but while this process, as he is a strong figure, he kills the being. †'Don't you go yellin', he said, and shook her; and her body flopped like a fish. And then she was still, for Lennie had brok en her neck. †90 The author uses the word ‘and' repetitively showing how dramatic the moment is. Steinbeck depicts towards his audience that Lennie was only trying to quite Curley’s wife but accidentally fails as he cannot handle his abnormal great strength.This use of dramatics and panic shows where Lennie is innocent. From my view I think Lennie is also based upon the theme of an animal, there are areas where Steinbeck refers to Lennie as animal like â€Å"He’s as strong as a bull† â€Å"the way a bear drags his pours† In addition, Steinbeck uses the comparison of Candy's dog and Lennie to depict the value and status of less mentally capable individuals. Just how candy's dog is eradicated once he becomes ‘useless', the same image is created for Lennie as his fate is controlled and chosen by the ‘normal' ranch hands.Similarly, The death of Lennie, is constructed as an illustration towards the readers that his own friend kills him because it is a ‘necessity'. The author is portraying to his readers that even George, Lennie's tightest companion, shoots him out of sympathy so his friend does not go through the wrath of Curley's torturing death. This conveys to us that the people of the 1930's thought it was right to choose a death of a mentally handicapped because it was ‘obligatory',Of mice and men, shows a greater emphasised picture, where a very close friendship is ended.The dramatics used by Steinbeck when showing us George kills his best colleague Lennie, tells the reader how life was a great hardship for the discrimination against the mentally handicapped, especially when it was very unlikely to see two friends travelling together. The book demonstrates this concept by putting the ‘rights' of a dog identical to the ‘rights' of a mentally incapable person. Today, this sought of situation is taken seriously, where the rights for any being is equally judged. Steinbeck presents another character which I think is one of the most hindered upon-Crooks.Crooks is highly discriminated, especially at this time, because he is black. He is a black man that lives in America at the time of segregation from the colour of his skin. This was tragic and sad for the black community as they were marginal. Living as a black man being employed was one of the most hardest job, this caused a lot of unemployment for the ‘coloured' public . The only upper hand crooks had was a job in the ranch, it still was very risky, the boss beat him for no reason, but this was all he could do for a living. S'pose you didn't have nobody. S'pose you couldn't go to the bunk house and play rummy 'cause you was black. †72. Steinbeck often demonstrates towards his audience that Crooks is a victim of isolation and loneliness, this illustrates the high level of prejudice and separation against the black ethnic minority of the 1930s. Crooks use of the word ‘S'pose' twice in short time to s how the emphasis of his feelings. The appearance and physical disability of Crooks also makes him impoverished, he has a crooked back and thus is called by the name ‘Crooks ‘. Now and then he poured a few drops of the liniment into his pink-palmed hand and reached up under his shirt to rub again.He flexed his muscles against his back and shivered. †67. Steinbeck provides his readers with a description for the appearance of Crooks. This description shows us where ‘Crooks' is named by the ranch hands. When Steinbeck uses this method, he produces nicknames to portray to his readers how the men do not take any interest in knowing a full name; this shows the loneliness. The black community was often assaulted by the white public, this was a great hardship in the 1930's. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain't even funny. †80 â€Å"Crooks had reduced himself to nothing. There was no personality, no ego- nothing to arouse either like or dislike. †80. The black minority was too downgraded and this quote is evident. When any black man spoke for his self, he was threatened and could not fight on. Steinbeck expresses to his readers how life was for the black people when abused. As he is black, Crooks is segregated from the other workers, this causes a great amount of desolation, he is trapped in solitude day and night and resorts to reading books.In the novel, when Lennie enters Crooks room, at first his reaction is to be alone and unwanted but then his lack of unsociability wins over him and allows Lennie to set in. During his conversation, Crooks reveals his sorrow of being alone, segregated and divined from others. â€Å"I seen it over an’ over a guy talkin’ to another guy and it don’t make no difference if he don’t hear or understand. † He is referring to Lennie but actually talking of himself. Steinbeck creates an image to his reader, how the life of someone already disliked, depriv es as he is lonely and separated.In the 1930's, Steinbeck shows his readers where the black people's status stood and where they were disadvantaged. The use of the word ‘n**ger' was normal for people to remark, this just portrays how downgraded the black community were. I think as Crooks was in the bracket of an ethnic minority, he was extremely unlucky and discriminated, the author shows us another disadvantaged character based at the time of the novella. From the perspective of Curley's wife, I think that John Steinbeck uses analogy to represent the place for woman and how they were the underdogs towards the men.Living in the male world, Curleys wife is mostly shown as a bad sign as she is an uncommon person in the ranch. She undergoes a difficult and antagonistic period through her life. â€Å"You wasn't no good. You ain't no good now, you lousy tart†94 â€Å"Well, ain't she a looloo? †51 â€Å"I ain't seen that much of her, PG 51 When whit describes her as t his it shows what they think of her, also the emphasis of George speaking when saying, â€Å"I ain't seen that much of her,† shows the care and intensity that he does not give when he replies. In the beginning of the novel, Steinbeck introduces Curley’s wife through Candy’s description.The critical comments leave the reader to have a negative opinion; as she seems to be a woman in a male world. ‘I’ve seen her give slim the eye†¦ an’ I’ve seen her give Carlson the eye. ’ (pg 29)    By classifying Curley’s wife as a ’flirt’, she is effectively prohibited from the men. There are certain areas where Curleys wife's image is described evil and unhappy, Steinbeck tries to portray towards his readers that when she is there the mood is struck negatively and falls immediately at her presence, â€Å"Both men glanced up, for the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off. A girl was standing there looking in.She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers. â€Å"I'm lookin' for Curley,†she said. Her voice had a nasal, brittle quality. †PG 32 From this extract of the book, there are different ways in which the author describes Curley's wife as a cynical approach at this moment of the story. Steinbeck shows us that as soon as she comes in the sunlight is cut off- blocking the admirable scene.Even with the clothing, Curley's wife wears a lot of the colour red conveying the evil colour and the emphasis of her voice when she speaks,† Her voice had a nasal, brittle quality. † Steinbeck describes the disadvantages women had when she is first illustrated. Throughout the book, Curley's wife's character is fairly mysterious and complicated. She is continuously referred to as her husband's belonging or possession, this shows us where she is unidentified, through this misidentification we can figure out her status as a woman; she did not need to be known.Steinbeck’s use of identification against Curley’s wife is her most disadvantage. When someone has no identification, it describes to the reader where his or her reputation is, the name Curley’s wife portrays an image that her name is a tool, owned by her husband and is not much importance. Through the book she is foreshadowed in many areas, where her sly flirty actions lead to hazardous trouble, despite this matter, when reading between the lines, the reader is made to show some part of sympathy to express towards her.The author also uses other ways to describe the loneliness and emotions in the book, words like ‘solitaire' (meaning ‘ a card game played by one person), shows us how he referred to the people working at the ranch as desolate and unsocial, he also uses nick names, except for George and Lennie, such as â€Å"Slim† or â€Å"Curley†, this is another sign, of the low and sad mood. In the novel, there are a few areas where the writer presents short snappy sentences to show the effects, â€Å"The silence came into the room. And the silence lasted†. 9 Additionally, Steinbeck chooses the use of circulation in situations, just like a life cycle, In each chapter the setting in the beginning is the setting at the end, this conveys a message that the situation always ends at point one, , for example Lennie and George have a dream in the beginning which is just a plain dream that has no hope, it develops as the book stages itself at chapter 3 ,in the middle, there is sudden hope and it looks like an easy grab, but it circulates and drops back down, where Lennie kills Curley's wife, this illustrates the method of death and that there is no hope left.John Steinbeck the author reveals to his audience how, in a gene ral view, people were highly disadvantaged especially at the time of discrimination towards them. He mentions three obvious characters , Lennie, Crooks and Curley's wife. These individuals all have main deficiencies and all have different types of disadvantages. Steinbeck uses a mentally handicapped individual, a black physically disabled man and a women in a male's world, this shows us an occurring pattern from the author, trying to describe the sadness and discrimination to people at the time of ‘The Great Depression'The novel, ‘Of Mice and Men’ depicts to the readers how the daily struggles for the working class were, being greatly underprivileged and the reality of failing plans for a living, resembling ‘The American Dream’. John Steinbeck shows his audience individuals who constantly face one problem after another. Moreover, he describes people of America who struggled a torrid time through â€Å"Survival of the fittest†, especially the di scriminated.