What Is Learners As Individual Education Essay

What is single scholars and what are they look like? To reply this inquiry, I need the significances given by many pedagogues. Howe other scholars can go the single scholars?In amount, I believe that the person who is to be educated is a societal person and that society is an organic brotherhood of persons. If we eliminate the societal factor from the kid we are left merely with an abstraction ; if we eliminate the single factor from society, we are left merely with an inert and exanimate mass. Education, hence, must get down with a psychological penetration into the kid ‘s capacities, involvements, and wonts ‘ John Dewey, from ‘My Pedagogic Creed ‘ , School Journal vol. 54, ( January 1897 ) , pp. 77-80 â€Å" An person is a individual or any specific object in a aggregation. In the fifteenth century and earlier, and besides today within the Fieldss of statistics and metaphysics, single means â€Å" indivisible † , typically depicting any numerically remarkable thing, but sometimes intending â€Å" a individual. † ( q.v. â€Å" The job of proper names † ) . From the 17th century on, single indicates separateness, as in individuality. Individuality is the province or quality of being an person ; a individual separate from other individuals and possessing his or her ain demands, ends, and desires. † Gracia, Jorge J. E. ( 1988 ) â€Å" Learner is an single involved in the acquisition of cognition or accomplishments in a technological acquisition system. â€Å" A A A Legendre, ( 2000:1 ) â€Å" It is non concerned with one specific method, but allows for any method which the person leaner finds good to his ‘ acquisition intents. † Fenner & A ; Newby ( 2000 ) I, from the significances given above, conclude that scholars as single is the acquisition styles that scholars seek to the new modern acquisition schemes and they can larn independent. This styles include with personality, intelligence, attitude and attitude. They merely acquire the unsmooth counsel from the instructor in the category and so they and convey it to be increased and link or incorporate with other Fieldss. These scholars have to frequently pattern themselves as it be their wonts. A learning manner is an person ‘s preferable manner of acquisition.What are Learning Styles?Before we deeply analyze into how to outdo advantages from doing your acquisition manner out, we need to pass a few minutes analyzing the several types of acquisition manners and how to outdo identify which larning manner group you appropiate into. Learning manners point to the discrepancy in your ability to accumulate every bit good as integrated information. Basically, your learning manner is the method that best allows you to derive and utilize cognition in a specific mode. Most experts agree that there are three basic larning manners. Each person may holds a individual manner or could possess a connection of different acquisition manners. In most instances, the personalities of a learning manner can even be noticed at a rather immature age. Once you have identified your peculiar learning manner you will be able to place ways in which you can accommodate the acquisition procedure and your surveies to maximise your instruction.Ocular LearnersPersons who fall into this type normally learn through what they are able to see with their ain eyes. Ocular scholars are those pupils who navigate for the places at the forepart of the category, must hold front row theatre seats and love to be right up forepart for featuring events in order to acquire the best position. Ocular scholars have a orientation to depict everything that they see in footings of exposures. These scholars love ocular medias such as exposures, diagrams, maps and graphs. They habitually are good authors and will normally execute rather good on written assignments.Auditory LearnersAuditory scholars are really good hearers. They tend to devour information in a more adept mode through sounds, music, treatments, instructions, etc. These persons will be more likely to enter lesson so that they can revision them at a ulterior clip for survey ends. They recognize books on tape and may happen that reading aloud will assist them to maintain information. Rather than written statement, audile scholars tend to make better on verbal presentations and studies.Kinesthetic LearnersKinesthetic scholars are haptic larning. This means that they learn best through traveling, making, moving out and touching. Undertakings that are acted in nature are best for kinaesthetic scholars. They tend to go thwarted when they must sit for long stages of clip. They enjoy deportment experiments, researching and carry throughing undertakings. These pupils are independent and seek for the losing cognition by themselves. They may hold features listed below ; TheyaˆÂ ¦ are able to interrupt up an organized ocular field and maintain portion of it separate. surpass at recovering names. conceive ocular cues and are better at math. prefer larning milieus that require least interaction. bask find acquisition and individualised self-paced acquisition. are more likely to be males.My Experience with the single scholars.I can much less fitting pupils like this in my schoolroom, for my being Thai traditional status instructor. Thailand has the specific cultural for the younger work forces have to show their regard to the senior 1s. My pupils gain cognition merely in the restriction of course of study and the direction I have given. The stuffs related to the individuality of single acquisition are besides lack. It may be caused by the hapless state and the status of environment that Thai pupils are the pupils in the developing country-that agencies have non been developed yet. However, I think this can be developed and changed by altering the crisis to go the opportunity. We can see assorted jobs and this is the opportunity to name and decide them. It ‘s the clip to take together between instructor and pupils. Individual scholars must dwell with personality, intelligence, psychological science and behaviour. All the facets must be cover together by recognizing the differences of single.Schemes to be scholars as singleThere are activities might steer the scholars to be independent and single. They can be flexible, non arranged in orders, depending on their preparedness and which status. There are 16 schemes shown here.Readiness / AbilityTeachers can utilize a assortment of rating to happen a pupil ‘s ability or preparedness. Besides, to larn new cognition constructs pupils may be by and large working below or above degree or may be strictly lack necessary required accomplishments. Changing the degree of question and thought accomplishments and packing the course of study andA are utile schemes for suiting differences in ability or preparedness.Adjusting QuestionsDuring big group treatment activities, instructors indicate the higher degree inquiries to the pupils who can cover them and adjust inquiries consequently for pupil with greater demands. All pupils are replying of import inquiries that demand them to believe but the inquiries are goaled towards the pupil ‘s ability or preparedness level.A With written test the instructor may delegate specific inquiries for each group of pupils. They all answer the same figure of inquiries but the engagement needed varies from group to group. However, the option to travel a parted from minimal demands can be available for any or all pupils who indicate that they require an extra challenge for ain their degree.Condensing CurriculumCondensing the course of study means measuring a pupils cognition, accomplishments and attitudes and supplying alternate activities for the pupil who has already mastered course of study content.A This can be accomplished by pre-testing basic constructs or utilizing public presentation appraisal methods. Students who demonstrate that they do non necessitate direction move on to tiered job work outing activities while others receive direction.Row AssignmentsRow activities are a series of related undertakings of changing complexness. All of these activitiesA relate to important apprehension and cardinal accompli shments that pupils need to acquire.A Teachers delegate the activities as alternate ways of accomplishing the same ends taking into history single pupil demands.Acceleration/DecelerationAccelerating or slowing the measure that pupils move through course of study is another manner of distinguishing instruction.A Students showing a high degree of competency can work through the course of study at a faster measure. Students confronting troubles may necessitate adjusted activities that allow for a slower measure in order to see success.Flexible GroupingAs pupil public presentation will transform it is of import to allow motion between groups.A Student ‘s preparedness varies depending on personal minds and involvements, so we must stay unfastened to the construct that a pupil may be below grade degree in one topic at the same clip as being above class degree in another subject.A Even extremely gifted pupils can profit from flexible grouping. Always they benefit from work with rational equals, while seldom in another group they can see being a leader. In either instance peer-teaching is a valuable scheme for group-work. APeer TeachingMany times a pupil may hold personal demands that require one-one direction that go beyond the demands of his or her spouses. After deriving this excess direction the pupil could be selected as the â€Å" inhabitant expert † for that construct or accomplishment and can acquire valuable pattern by being given the opportunity to re-teach the construct to equals. In these state of affairs both pupils can acquire benefit.ALearning Profiles/StylesAnother filter for delegating pupils to undertakings is by larning manner, such as adjusting preferable environment such as quiet, lower lighting, formal/casual seating, or larning mode: auditory ( learns best by hearing information ) visual ( learns best through seeing information in charts or images ) A or kinaesthetic penchants ( learns best by utilizing concrete illustrations, or may necessitate to travel about while larning ) or through personal involvements. Since pupil motive is besides a specific component in acquisition, understanding single acquisition manners and involvements will allow instructors to use right schemes for developing intrinsic motivational techniques.Student InterestInterest studies are frequently used for finding pupil involvement. Brainstorming for subtopics within a course of study construct and utilizing semantic web to research interesting facet of the construct is another effectual tool. This is besides an effectual manner of learning pupils how to concentrate on a manageable subtopic.Reading BuddiesThis scheme is peculiarly utile for younger pupils and/or pupils with reading obstruction. Children get extra pattern and experience reading off from the instructor as they develop eloquence and comprehension.A A It is of import that pupils read with a specific intent in head and so hold an chance to discourse what was read.A It is non indispensable for reading brothers to ever be at the same reading degree. Students with changing word acknowledgment, word analysis and comprehension accomplishments can assist each other be more successful. Adjusted follow up undertakings are besides assigned based on preparedness degree.Independent Study UndertakingsMugwump Study is a research undertaking where pupils larn how to develop the accomplishments for independent acquisition. The grade of aid and construction will change between pupils and depend on their ability to pull off thoughts, clip and creativeness. A accommodation of the independent survey is the brother study.ABuddy SurveiesA brother survey permits two or three pupils to work together on a undertaking. The outlook is that all may portion the research and analysis information but each pupil must consummate an single end product to show acquisition that has tak en topographic point and be answerable for their ain planning, clip direction and single achievement.Learning ContractsA acquisition contract is a written apprehension between instructor and pupil that will consequence in pupils working independently. The contract helps pupils to put day-to-day and hebdomadal work ends and develop direction accomplishments. It besides helps the instructor to maintain grounds of each pupil ‘s progress. The certain assignments will change harmonizing to personal pupil demands.Learning CentersLearning Centers have been used by instructors for a long clip and may incorporate both differentiated and mandatory activities. However a acquisition Centre is non needfully differentiated unless the activities are varied by trouble taking in to account different pupil ability and preparedness. It is of import that pupils understand what is expected of them at the acquisition Centre and are inspired to pull off their usage of clip. The grade of construction that is provided will change harmonizing to pupil independent work wonts. At the terminal of each hebdomad pupils should be able to account for their usage of clip.Anchoring ActivitiesA pupil can make these activities at any clip when they have completed present assignments or it can be assigned for a short period at the beginning of each category as pupils arrange themselves and fix for work. These activities may be related to specific demands or betterment chances, including jobs to work out or diaries to compose. They could besides be portion of a long-run undertaking that a pupil is working on. In decision, scholars as single is the 1 of methods encouraged the instructional advancement. The features defined the single scholars are given assorted by pedagogues. They can be added and developed or besides cut. These behaviours can be raise by the understanding of instructor and pupil. Learners as person is besides related to the research of many psychologists recognizing the single differences and it besides includes with the appraisal. We should assessment the pupils ‘ results by be cognizant of their single differences.Mention Beginningshypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_styles hypertext transfer protocol: //www.futureknowledge.org/background/the-perspective-of-the-individual-learner hypertext transfer protocol: //www.instructorweb.com/info/learnstyles.asp hypertext transfer protocol: //www.learning-styles-online.com/overview hypertext transfer protocol: //people.usd.edu/~ssanto/styles.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lsda.org.uk/files/PDF/1543.pdfhttp: //www.questia.com/Index.jsp hypertext transfer protocol: //www.saba.com/education/individual_learners.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tefl.net/esl-articles/learning-styles.htm Coffield, F. , Moseley, D. , Hall, E. , & A ; Ecclestone, K. ( 2004 ) . Learning manners and teaching method in post-16 acquisition: A systematic and critical reappraisal. www.LSRC.ac.uk: Learning and Skills Research Centre. Retrieved January 15, 2008: Keefe, J. W. ( 1979 ) Learning manner: An overview. In NASSP ‘s Student acquisition manners: Diagnosing and forbiding plans ( pp. 1-17 ) . Reston, VA. National Association of Secondary School Principles. Marzano, R. J. ( 1998 ) . A theory-based meta-analysis of research on direction. Mid-continent Regional Educational Laboratory, Aurora, CO. Merrill, D. ( 2000 ) . Instructional Strategies and Learning Styles: Which takes Precedence? In Robert Reiser and Jack Dempsey ( Eds. ) Trends and Issues in Instructional Technology. Prentice Hall. Hayman-Abello S.E. & A ; Warriner E.M. ( 2002 ) . Child clinical/pediatric physiological psychology: some recent progresss. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 309a?‘339. Stewart, K. L. , & A ; Felicetti, L. A. ( 1992 ) . Learning manners of selling big leagues. Educational Research Quarterly, 15 ( 2 ) , 15-23. Gracia, Jorge J. E. ( 1988 ) Individuality: An Essay on the Foundations of Metaphysics. State Univ. of New York Press.

Report of Seasonal Goods

————————————————- American Library Association From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia American Library Association| ALA Logo| Abbreviation| ALA| Formation| 1876| Type| Non-profit NGO| Purpose/focus| â€Å"To provide leadership for the development, promotion and improvement of library and information services and the profession of librarianship in order to enhance learning and ensure access to information for all. â€Å"[1]| Headquarters| Chicago, Illinois| Location| Chicago, Illinois  andWashington, DC| Region  served| United States| Membership| 59,675[2]|CEO| Keith Michael Fiels| President| Maureen Sullivan| Budget| $33. 5 million[3]| Staff| approx. 300| Website| American Library Association| The  American Library Association  (ALA) is a  non-profit organization  based in the  United States  that promotes  libraries  and library education international ly. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world,[4]  with more than 62,000 members. [5] * | ————————————————- [edit]History Founded by  Justin Winsor,  Charles Ammi Cutter,  Samuel S. Green, James L. Whitney,  Melvil Dewey  (Melvil Dui), Fred B.Perkins and  Thomas W. Bicknell  in 1876 in  Philadelphia  and chartered[6]  in 1879 in  Massachusetts, its head office is now in  Chicago. During the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, 103 librarians, 90 men and 13 women, responded to a call for a â€Å"Convention of Librarians† to be held October 4–6 at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. At the end of the meeting, according to Ed Holley in his essay â€Å"ALA at 100,† â€Å"the register was passed around for all to sign who wished to become charter members,† making October 6, 1876 to be ALA's birthday.In attendance were 90 men and 13 women, among them Justin Winsor (Boston Public, Harvard), William Frederick Poole (Chicago Public, Newberry), Charles Ammi Cutter (Boston Athenaeum), Melvil Dewey, and Richard Rogers Bowker. Attendees came from as far west as Chicago and from England. [citation needed]  The aim of the Association, in that resolution, was â€Å"to enable librarians to do their present work more easily and at less expense. â€Å"[7]  The Association has worked throughout its history to define, extend, protect and advocate for equity of access to information. 8] Library activists in the 1930s pressured the American Library Association to be more responsive to issues put forth by young members involved with issues such as peace, segregation, library unions and intellectual freedom. In 1931, the Junior Members Round Table (JMRT) was formed to provide a voice for the younger members of the ALA, but much of what they had to say resurfaced in the social respon sibility movement to come years later. 9]  During this period, the first  Library Bill of Rights  (LBR) was drafted by  Forrest Spaulding  to set a standard against censorship and was adopted by the ALA in 1939. This has been recognized as the moment defining modern librarianship as a profession committed to intellectual freedom and the right to read over government dictates. [10]  The ALA formed the Staff Organization's Round Table in 1936 and the Library Unions Round Table in 1940. The ALA appointed a committee to study censorship and recommend policy after the banning of  The Grapes of Wrath  and the implementation of the LBR.The committee reported in 1940 that intellectual freedom and professionalism were linked and recommended a permanent committee – Committee on Intellectual Freedom. [11]  The ALA made revisions to strengthen the LBR in June 1948, approved the Statement on Labeling in 1951 to discourage labeling material as subversive, and adopted the Freedom to Read Statement and the Overseas Library Statement in 1953. [11] In 1961, the ALA took a stand regarding service to  African Americans  and others, advocating for equal library service for all.An amendment was passed to the LBR in 1961 that made clear that an individual's library use should not be denied or abridged because of race, religion, national origin, or political views. Some communities decided to close their doors rather than desegregate. [12]  In 1963, the ALA commissioned a study,  Access to Public Libraries, which found direct and indirect discrimination in American libraries. [13] In 1967 some librarians protested against a pro-Vietnam War  speech given by General  Maxwell D.Taylor  at the annual ALA conference in San Francisco; the former president of  Sarah Lawrence College, Harold Taylor, spoke to the Middle-Atlantic Regional Library Conference about socially responsible professionalism; and less than one year later a group of librarians pr oposed that the ALA schedule a new round table program discussion on the social responsibilities of librarians at its next annual conference in  Kansas City. This group called themselves the Organizing Committee for the ALA Round Table on Social Responsibilities of Libraries.This group drew in many other under-represented groups in the ALA who lacked power, including the Congress for Change in 1969. [14]  This formation of the committee was approved in 1969 and would change its name to the Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT) in 1971). After its inception, the Round Table of Social Responsibilities began to press ALA leadership to address issues such as library unions, working conditions, wages, and intellectual freedom. The Freedom to Read Foundation was created by ALA's Executive Board in 1969. 15]  The Black Caucus of the ALA and the Office for Literacy and Outreach were set up in 1970. [16] In June 1990, the ALA approved â€Å"Policy on Library Services to the Poorà ¢â‚¬  and in 1996 the Task Force on Hunger Homelessness, and Poverty was formed to resurrect and promote the ALA guidelines on library services to the poor. [17] The ALA archival materials, non-current records, are currently held in the University of Illinois archives. [18]  These materials can only be used at the University of Illinois. ————————————————- edit]Membership ALA membership is open to any person or organization, though most of its members are  libraries  or librarians. Most members live and work in the United States, with international members comprising 3. 5% of total membership. [19] ————————————————- [edit]Governing structure the ALA is governed by an elected council and an executive board. Since 2002,  Keith Michael Fiels  has been the ALA executive director (CEO). [20]  Policies and programs are administered by various committees and round tables.One of the organization's most visible tasks is overseen by the Office for Accreditation, which formally reviews and authorizes American and Canadian academic institutions that offer degree programs in  library and information science. The ALA's current President is Molly Raphael (2011–2012). [21]  Notable past presidents of the ALA include  Theresa Elmendorf, its first female president (1911–1912),[22]  Clara Stanton Jones, its first African-American president (1976–1977),[23]  Loriene Roy, its first Native American president (2007–2008),[24][25]  Michael Gorman  (2005-6), and  Roberta Stevens. 26](See  List of presidents of the American Library Association. ) [edit]Activities The official purpose of the association is â€Å"to promote library service and librarianship. † Members may join one or more of eleven membe rship divisions that deal with specialized topics such as academic, school, or public libraries, technical or reference services, and library administration. Members may also join any of seventeen round tables that are grouped around more specific interests and issues than the broader set of ALA divisions. [edit]Notable divisions ALA Editions (book publishing)[27] * American Association of School Librarians  (AASL) * Association for Library Collections and Technical Services  (ALCTS) * Association for Library Service to Children  (ALSC) * Association of College and Research Libraries  (ACRL) * Library Information Technology Association  (LITA) * Public Library Association (PLA) * Reference and User Services Association  (RUSA) * Young Adult Library Services Association  (YALSA) [edit]Notable offices * Office of Intellectual Freedom (OIF) * Office for Accreditation (OA) Office for Literacy and Outreach Services (OLOS) * Office for Information Technology Policy (OITP) [e dit]Notable sub-organizations In 1970, the ALA founded the first  lesbian,  gay,  bisexual  and  transgender  professional organization, called the â€Å"Task Force on Gay Liberation†, now known as the GLBT Round Table. [28][29]  In the early 1970s, the Task Force on Gay Liberation campaigned to have books about the gay liberation movement at the  Library of Congress  reclassified from HQ 71–471 (â€Å"Abnormal Sexual Relations, Including Sexual Crimes†).In 1972, after receiving a letter requesting the reclassification, the Library of Congress agreed to make the shift, reclassifying those books into a newly created category, HQ 76. 5 (â€Å"Homosexuality, Lesbianism—Gay Liberation Movement, Homophile Movement†). On July 23, 1976, the Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship was established as a Council Committee of the ALA on recommendation of the Ad Hoc Committee with the same name (which had been appointed by the Presid ent of the ALA in December 1975) and of the Committee on Organization.The Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship works to â€Å"officially represent the diversity of women's interest within ALA and to ensure that the Association considers the rights of the majority (women) in the library field; to promote and initiate the collection, analysis, dissemination, and coordination of information on the status of women in librarianship; to coordinate the activities of ALA units which consider questions of special relevance for women; to identify lags, gaps, and possible discrimination in resources and programs relating to women; in cooperation with other ALA units, to help develop and evaluate tools, guidelines, and programs designed to enhance the opportunities and the image of women in the library profession, thus raising the level of consciousness concerning women; to establish contacts with committees on women within other professional groups and to officially represent ALA concerns at interdisciplinary meetings on women's equality; and to provide Council and Membership with reports needed for establishment of policies and actions related to the status of women in librarianship; and to monitor ALA units to ensure consideration of the rights of women. †Ã‚  [30][31]  In 1979 the Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship received the Bailey K. Howard – World Book Encyclopedia – ALA Goal Award to develop a profile of ALA personal members, known as the COSWL Study. In 1980 the Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship was awarded the J. Morris Jones – World Book Encyclopedia – ALA Goals Award with the OLPR Advisory Committee to undertake a special project on equal pay for work of equal value. [31] [edit]National outreach The ALA is affiliated with regional, state, and student chapters across the country.It organizes conferences, participates in library standards development, and publishes a number of book s and periodicals. The ALA publishes the magazines  American Libraries  and  Booklist. Along with other organizations, it sponsors the annual  Banned Books Week  the last week of September. Young Adult Library Services Association  (YALSA) also sponsors  Teen Read Week, the third week of each October, and  Teen Tech Week, the second week of each March [edit]Awards Main article:  List of ALA awards The ALA annually confers numerous book and media awards, primarily through its children's and young adult divisions (others are the  Dartmouth Medal,  Coretta Scott King Awards, Schneider Book Awards, and  Stonewall Book Award).The children's division ALSC administers the  Caldecott Medal,  Newbery Medal,  Batchelder Award,  Belpre Awards,  Geisel Award, and  Sibert Medal, all annual book awards;[32]  the Odyssey Award for best audiobook (joint with YALSA), and the (U. S. )  Carnegie Medal  and for best video. There are also two ALSC lifetime recog nitions, the  Wilder Medal  and the  Arbuthnot Lecture. The  young-adult  division YALSA administers the  Margaret Edwards Award  for significant and lasting contribution to YA literature, a lifetime recognition of one author annually, and some annual awards that recognize particular works: the  Michael L. Printz Award  for a YA book judged on literary merit alone, the  William C. Morris Award  for an author's first YA book, the new â€Å"YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction for Young Adults†, and the â€Å"Alex Award† list of ten adult books having special appeal for teens.Jointly with the children's division ALSC there is the  Odyssey Award  for excellence in  audiobookproduction. [33] The award for YA nonfiction was inaugurated in 2012, defined by ages 12 to 18 and publication year November 2010 to October 2011. The first winner was ‘The Notorious Benedict Arnold: A True Story of Adventure, Heroism ; Treachery  by Steve Sheink in (Roaring Brook Press, November 2010) and four other finalists were named. [34][35] Beside the Alex Awards, ALA disseminates some annual lists of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Notable†Ã‚  and â€Å"Best† books and other media. The annual awards roster includes the  John Cotton Dana Award  for excellence in library public relations.In 2000 the Office for Literacy and Outreach Services (OLOS) launched the  Jean E. Coleman Library Outreach Lecture  in tribute to the work of the first OLOS director, Dr. Jean E. Coleman. Barbara J. ford gave the inaugural lecture, â€Å"Libraries, Literacy, Outreach and the Digital Divide. † From 2006 the ALA annually selects a class of Emerging Leaders, typically comprising about 100 librarians and library school students. This minor distinction is a form of organizational outreach to new librarians. The Emerging Leaders are allocated to project groups tasked with developing solutions to specified problems within ALA divisions. The class meets at the ALA Midwinter and Annual Meetings, commonly January and June.Project teams may present posters of their completed projects at the Annual. [36] [edit]Conferences The ALA and its divisions hold numerous conferences throughout the year. The two largest conferences are the annual conference and the midwinter meeting. The latter is typically held in January and focused on internal business, while the annual conference is typically held in June and focused on exhibits and presentations. The ALA annual conference is notable for being one of the largest professional conferences in existence, typically drawing over 25,000 attendees. [37] ————————————————- [edit]Political positions ALA Seal|The ALA  advocates  positions on  United States  political issues that it believes are related to libraries and librarianship. For court cases that touch on issues about which the organization holds positions, the ALA often files  amici curiae  briefs, voluntarily offering information on some aspect of the case to assist the court in deciding a matter before it. The ALA has an office in  Washington, D. C. , that  lobbies  Congress  on issues relating to libraries, information and communication. It also provides materials to libraries that may include information on how to apply for grants, how to comply with the law, and how to oppose a law. [38] [edit]Intellectual freedom See also:  Book censorship in the United StatesThe primary documented expressions of the ALA's intellectual freedom principles are the Freedom to Read Statement[39]  and the  Library Bill of Rights; the Library Bill of Rights urges libraries to â€Å"challenge censorship in the fulfillment of their responsibility to provide information and enlightenment. â€Å"[40]  The ALA Code of Ethics also calls on librarians to â€Å"uphold the principles of intellectual freedom and resist all efforts to censor library resources. â€Å"[41] The ALA maintains an Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) headed by Barbara M. Jones, former University Librarian for Wesleyan University and internationally known intellectual freedom advocate and author. 42]  She is the second director of the Office for Intellectual Freedom, succeeding  Judith Krug, who headed the office for four decades. OIF is charged with â€Å"implementing ALA policies concerning the concept of  intellectual freedom,†[43]  that the ALA defines as â€Å"the right of every individual to both seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction. It provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question, cause or movement may be explored. â€Å"[44]  Its goal is â€Å"to educate librarians and the general public about the nature and importance of intellectual freedom in libraries. †Ã‚  [43]  The OIF compiles lists of challenged books as reported in the media and submitted to them by librarians across the country. 45] In 1999, radio personality  Laura Schlessinger  campaigned publicly against the ALA's intellectual freedom policy, specifically in regard to the ALA's refusal to remove a link on its web site to a specific sex-education site for teens. [46]  Sharon Presley  said, however, that Schlessinger â€Å"distorted and misrepresented the ALA stand to make it sound like the ALA was saying porno for ‘children' is O. K. â€Å"[47] In 2002, the ALA filed suit with library users and the ACLU against the United States  Children's Internet Protection Act  (CIPA), which required libraries receiving federal E-rate discounts for Internet access to install a â€Å"technology protection measure† to prevent children from accessing â€Å"visual depictions that are obscene, child pornography, or harmful to minors. [48]  At trial, the federal district court struck down the law as unconstitutional. [49]  The government appealed this decision, and on June 23, 2003, the  Supreme Court of the United States  upheld the law as constitutional as a condition imposed on institutions in exchange for government funding. In upholding the law, the Supreme Court, adopting the interpretation urged by the U. S. Solicitor General at oral argument, made it clear that the constitutionality of CIPA would be upheld only â€Å"if, as the Government represents, a librarian will unblock filtered material or disable the Internet software filter without significant delay on an adult user's request. â€Å"[50] [edit]PrivacyIn 2003, the ALA passed a resolution opposing the  USA PATRIOT Act, which called sections of the law â€Å"a present danger to the constitutional rights and privacy rights of library users†. [51]  Since then, the ALA and its members have sought to change the law by working with members of Congress and educating their communities and the press about the law's potential to violate the privacy rights of library users. ALA has also participated as an  amicus curiae  in lawsuits filed by individuals challenging the constitutionality of the USA PATRIOT Act, including a lawsuit filed by four Connecticut librarians after the library consortium they managed was served with a National Security Letter seeking information about library users. 52]  After several months of litigation, the lawsuit was dismissed when the FBI decided to withdraw the National Security Letter. [53]  In 2007 the â€Å"Connecticut Four† were honored by the ALA with the Paul Howard Award for Courage for their challenge to the National Security Letter and gag order provision of the USA PATRIOT Act. [54] In 2006, the ALA sold humorous â€Å"radical militant librarian† buttons for librarians to wear in support of the ALA's stances on intellectual freedom, privacy, and civil liberties. [55]  Inspiration for the button’s desig n came from documents obtained from the FBI by the  Electronic Privacy Information Center  (EPIC) through a  Freedom of Information Act  (FOIA) request. The request revealed a series of e-mails in which FBI agents complained about

Bryan

The Locos were a radical faction of the Democratic Party that existed from 1835 until the mid-asses. ;The faction was originally named the Equal Rights Party, and was created in New York City as a protest against that city regular Democratic organization Tammany Hall. In general, Locos supported Andrew Jackson and Van Burden, and Were for free trade, greater circulation of specie, legal protections for labor unions and against paper money, financial speculation, and state banks. Specie Circular ; The Specie Circular, or Coinage Act, was an executive order issued by U. S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by succeeding President Martin Van Burden. ; The Act was a reaction to the growing concerns about excessive speculations of land after the Indian removal, which was mostly done with soft currency. Long Cabin campaign, Tippecanoe and Tyler too, ND the election of 1840 Tippecanoe and Tyler too was a very popular and influential campaign song of the Whig Partys colorful Log Cabin campaign in the 1840 United States presidential [->l]election. Its lyrics sang the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the hero of Tippecanoe) and John Tyler, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Burden. ; The United States presidential election of 1 840 saw President Martin Van Burden fight for re-election against an economic depression and a Whig Party unified for the first time behind war hero William Henry [->garrison and his log bin campaign. Second Great Awakening ; The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early 1 9th century in the United States.

SCHOOL LAW STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES CASES AND LEGAL JURISDICTIONS Essay

SCHOOL LAW STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES CASES AND LEGAL JURISDICTIONS - Essay Example related services designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for employment and independent living;† (2) ensure the rights of such children and their parents are protected; and (3) assist states and localities in providing educational services to meet these legal requirements. Meeting these requirements has imposed signal burdens over the years on states, municipalities, and local school districts. Likewise, providing specific definition to those requirements has fallen to Congress, the U.S. Department of Education, and the Courts. This report describes the IDEA in its most recent configuration, discusses certain salient issues relating to state, municipal, and local responsibility, reviews applicable court cases, and suggests problem areas still in need of resolution. IDEA is the successor to the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (or EAHCA, Public Law 94-142, November 29, 1975). In its ‘statement of findings and purpose,’ the Act established â€Å"that all children [shall] have available to them †¦ a free appropriate public education which emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs†¦ [PL 94-142].† The Act was not sui generis. According to Apling, PL 94-142) was enacted in 1975 in response â€Å"to increased awareness of the need to educate children with disabilities and to judicial decisions requiring that states provide education for children with disabilities if they provided an education for children without disabilities [pp 1-2].† The most commonly cited antecedent cases were PARC v. State of Pennsylvania, 343 F.Supp. 279 (E.D. Pa. 1972) and Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia, 348 F.Supp. 866 (D.D.C. 1972), both decisions having been rendered in Federal district court. However, In Smith v. Robinson [468 U.S. 992, 1984], the Supreme Court described the statute as â€Å"a comprehensive scheme set up by Congress to aid the States in complying with the constitutional

Brazil Crime Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brazil Crime Statistics - Essay Example What we call endemic are diseases which are characteristic of particular regions, the result of particular geographic circumstances. [Brazil’s] corruption is organic, circulatory, [and] systemic (Dines, 2004, n.p.). Police in Brazil have a well-deserved reputation for taking bribes, giving drug smugglers extra leniency in law enforcement, and â€Å"looking the other way† unless the criminal is poor (Schneider, 1991, p. 215). The lack of an independent media is one of the factors that most contributes to the general perception that Brazil is a country with a high level of corruption. In June 2003, Otto Reich, the White Houses main aide for Latin American affairs, made this comment to a hundred or so businessmen at a seminar on investments in the region: "We have had many setbacks†¦corruption is the most important obstacle to economic development†¦.Investors do not want to put their money into a country where there are corrupt civil servants† (Rodriques, 2004, n.p.) Brazil Group. (2008). Brazil’s battle with Gang Violence and Police Corruption. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://pila2008.wordpress.com/2008/02/28/ brazil%E2%80%99s-battle-with-gang-violence-and-police-corruption/ Cavallaro, J. (2001). Human Rights and the Proliferation of Crime: The Perception of Human Rights and Its Effects on Rights Defense in Brazil, presented at Focus Meeting on Crime, Public Order and Human Rights. Geneva:

BRAHMS REQUIEM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BRAHMS REQUIEM - Assignment Example He had filled the workplace of Meister. The courts and rear ways of the poor quarter in which he existed were continually resonating with the tunes of youngsters, in which he joined generously, with his high soprano voice. He was a fun loving, Normal sprightly kid, sound and ordinary youngster. There was never any uncertainty as to his turning into an artist. From promptly adolescence he took in everything his father could show him, read everything. In the first place he could lay involved, rehearsed with un- Music straying eagerness, and filled reams of Study paper with activities and varieties (Brahms, 1-9). 2. Compare the experience of listening to Brahms’ Requiem to other musical performances you have seen this semester. To what extent is the Ellen Eccles a fitting venue for a performance of this kind? Different arrangers on their aesthetic work have investigated the key existential address in significantly particular courses through a medium that, as I would see it, is unsurpassed around the different manifestations of creative declaration in its capability to achieve the center of our being. Whats more when you have the chance to really sing these meets expectations, the knowledge of them could be upbeat. It doesnt get significantly more particular than that! What can one say in regards to the Mozart Requiem? The quick remarks made here address its energy and to the virtuoso of a writer whose blessing has given mankind the most wonderful and roused musical works ever to jump from the creative ability. The complexity between the Mozart and the Berlioz in their musical structure and inclination is hitting with Berlioz commitment being no less esteemed for the distinction. As Lynn has noted, the specialized requests on the soloists of both structures are considerable and this however shows that Brahms verbalization the extent that his

Freedom of press Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom of press - Assignment Example However, internet journalism suffers from a lack of structure that often results in ethical breaches and creation of content that is not informative or reliable. While the potential for internet as a tool for mass information is great; its biggest advantage is also its greatest weakness. With so many players in the information sector and a emphasis on being the first one to break a news; there is no check on the quality of the material is produced and distributed, no benchmarks in place and no enforcement of journalistic standards. â€Å"It is clear that digital journalism can allow for greater commitment to editorial standards. From better linking to primary sources of information, to greater commitment to transparency, there has never been an age more able to incorporate open, high-quality journalism† (Riordan). The problem is that online with so much free content available, websites are in a desperate race to get the most viewers and increase ad revenues. There is a significant occurrence of â€Å"Click-bait† in internet media outlets, where readers are enticed by sensational, often exaggerated headlines into going to a website link for a news article which may be unrelated to the exact heading. The practice is done to increase the number of users for a certain website and it compromises the integrity of the news. The worse scenarios are in which the news itself is falsified to create reader interest, one innocent example of this phenomena are related to the launch of the iphone 6 which was soon accompanied by news stories about the phone bending under slight pressure or people falling to pranks about charging the phone. These news stories were debunked within a few days but created a significant interest among fans and critics of the phone alike. More seriously, in the Gaza-Isreal conflict a lot of the news that was passed around on social media was

Normative Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Normative Theory - Essay Example The documentary presented various photographs that revealed the truth about the killings and violation of the human rights. The personal experiences of a U.S. Marine Captain, Brian Steidle were important in contributing towards the film. This example illustrates the importance of the role of media professionals in revealing the truth and how they can be inhibited by local governments who try to exert influence. The assumption of restricted autonomy of the media professionals implies that the government is not always appreciative of the efforts of media and may also feel threatened. This causes them to exert influence on media professionals thereby obstructing the flow of transparent information. But there are other reasons as well why media professionals may not be completely independent. The degree to which a media professional is conscientious various widely and some professionals may be driven by personal motives and interests that can result in deviation from ethical standards. T he case is not new but some media professionals may readily be influenced when given unethical monetary benefits. The influence can be exerted by any institution or individual. However, such cases are common where the government hold is not strong and regulated, and therefore, various other players have immense power to influence. Such governments are characterized by weak relationships between the media and the government due to lack of support and insecurity. The postulate that media professionals possess the right to security and protection in view of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights becomes important when media professionals are threatened due to their profession. Media professionals may be threatened due to various reasons and in most cases is due to the content of their... The assumption of restricted autonomy of the media professionals implies that the government is not always appreciative of the efforts of media and may also feel threatened. This causes them to exert influence on media professionals thereby obstructing the flow of transparent information. But there are other reasons as well why media professionals may not be completely independent. The degree to which a media professional is conscientious various widely and some professionals may be driven by personal motives and interests that can result in deviation from ethical standards. The case is not new but some media professionals may readily be influenced when given unethical monetary benefits. The influence can be exerted by any institution or individual. However, such cases are common where the government hold is not strong and regulated, and therefore, various other players have immense power to influence. Such governments are characterized by weak relationships between the media and the government due to lack of support and insecurity. The postulate that media professionals possess the right to security and protection in view of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights becomes important when media professionals are threatened due to their profession. Media professionals may be threatened due to various reasons and in most cases is due to the content of their work. The matter can sometimes become so serious that a professional threatens his or her life in bringing out the reality.

Coffee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coffee - Essay Example One study that significantly highlights the growth of the US coffee industry was cited in the article written by H. Holmes. (2004) According to Holmes, "specialty coffee consumption has risen from 9 percent in 2000 to 16 percent in 2004. Every day, more than half of the adult population drinks coffee, 108.9 million people. The United States accounts for 52 million of those coffee drinkers." (2004) More importantly, Holmes cited various data that helps define the current state of the US coffee market. For one, Holmes pointed out that Even though 75 percent of the cups of coffee brewed daily are consumed at home, 66 percent of Americans buy their coffee outside of their homes. The Specialty Coffee Association of America reported at the end of 2003 that the total number of retail coffee shops in the country had reached 17,400 or 4% more than in 2002. The market size of coffee grew from $7.53 billion in 1999 to $8.96 billion in 2003 (Holmes, 2004). Such findings translates to wonderful prospects for current and future coffee establishments such as the Coffee Connection. What such data means is that Americans are very likely to purchase their coffee drinks from coffee shops rather than make them at home. Also, it was pointed out in the same article that coffee bar patrons are younger, more affluent, and educated and are 22 percent more likely to be aged 18-24. This means well for the Coffee Connection primarily because majority of the people in the inner city campus targeted by the said establishment fall between the said age range. In another study conducted by the research group Data Monitor of the US Coffee Industry, several significant findings were made. According to the said study, "Prepared coffee sales continue to outpace packaged coffee sales, becoming more widely available than ever before. Prepared coffee is not only driving growth in foodservice channels, but in retail channels such as convenience stores as well." What this translates to is that consumers are more inclined to purchase coffee prepared in various establishments such as coffee shops and convenience stores rather than buy packaged coffee drinks. Such findings goes well for prospective coffee shop owners. Also, the said research found that despite the rising prices of coffee brought about by the dry weather in coffee growing regions and damage from natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, the retail coffee market remained elastic all through out the said increase. This, again, translate to good prospects for future coffee shop owners as it means that the consumer market continues to drink coffee despite of the increase in price. Another article that has significant bearing on the establishment of Coffee Connection was written by Alex Fisenko (2006). In his article, Fisenko pointed out that there is a bright future that lies ahead for coffee shops, even the small and independent establishments. Basically, Fisenko asserts that "The single most important factor for the success of a retail coffee business is the location" (2006). The amount of sales and profit generated by a coffee shop depends greatly on the location chosen for it. Furthermore, Fisenko pointed out that independent coffee shops should not be deterred by the large-scale coffee chains as these establishments concentrate on the larger

Theory of the Derive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory of the Derive - Essay Example Thus, it quotes from social and city observers about characteristics of derive, such as that of Chombart de Lauwe (1952),who described, â€Å"an urban neighborhood is determined not only by geographical and economic factors, but also by the image that its inhabitants and those of other neighborhoods have of it,† (Debord, 1952, P 5). It then provides the viewer – the derive actor – a thought, interpretation, or meanings. When it comes to nature, many forms of derive may be obtained, and contrasting thoughts and impressions may be formed depending on where or what the viewer may go through. While it is possible to describe a natural environment as â€Å"untouched† by humans, it no longer applies to being â€Å"undisturbed.† Human activities already altered much of nature, touched and untouched. Indirectly, no stones have been left unturned, so to speak. However, this does not limit nor impede nature derive for one who remains optimistic. One sees many aspects of visual representations: line, shape, balance, form, symmetry, asymmetry, volume, color saturation, contrast and unity. In the exploration of line, some of nature’s products are seen with straight, almost straight, and even curvy lines from tree trunks to leaf features. Many are repetitive, forming symmetry and unity. If one goes deeper, one may inspect the bamboo trunk, with fibers of lines, thousands of them per stem. These can be separated and still form lines like the one seen on synthetic fabrics as is they were engineered to be such. Perhaps, they were engineered by higher forms to be such. Bamboos are structural materials, or even materials for fabrics as is. Bamboo Fiber. Source: Wikipedia, 2011. When it comes to shapes, many representations are sky-inspired. There are the sun, moon and stars, with the moon forming several shapes in the span of a month. There are snowflakes, raindrops, even lightning. Mountains are often pyramidal, or triangular, imitated b y human dwellings with their rooftops. There are oblong fishes, and billions of leaves with thousands of variations. Then there are rocks of varieties of spherical shapes, odd and common. The light that emanates from some of these rocks also inspire their own shapes: say a diamond. We will never get enough of flora’s balance and form. Perfect radiances of flower petals, a center with its attractive colors and forms, and shapes, or even volumes of stigma, anther, and filaments that have for thousands of years attracted many derive experiences. It is how they have occupied important roles in human interaction and survival. In fact, even in afterlife. Flowers represent to humans a lot of things, generally positive and celebratory. It melts anger, pain, and sorrow. It unites, welcomes, refreshes, cheers, consoles, applauds. Flowers have performed well and good to the human experience they continue providing derive experiences of immeasurable pleasure until now. Source: http://flo wers-show.com/ But derive is not all about optimist impressions. As mentioned earlier, there are also negative aspects of natural environment derive experiences which had been influenced by human â€Å"‘touch†, whether nature liked it or not. Through greedy consumption, mindless disposal and major economic activities, nature in many aspects of its existence have been negatively affected by humans. Take for example the latest sea oil spill. Take a look at what volume may mean below: (Source:

Comparing tajfels social identity theory and scapegoating theory in explaining prejudice Essay Example for Free

Comparing tajfels social identity theory and scapegoating theory in explaining prejudice Essay The issue of comparing and contrasting Tajfel’s theory of social identity and the scapegoating theory in explaining prejudice is a very controversial issue subject to debate .The theories are like one and the same thing though they are different as show be noted as the debate goes on.The main difference is that scapegoating mainly touches on the rivals of in-group against out-group while social identity theory bases on the individual rivalry against individual and both have got a negative prejudice effect. Barbara (1997) reiterates that prejudice by definition is an attitude usually negative toward a member of some other group solely on prejudice the membership in that group . Feldman explains prejudice in the sense that when two groups want to achieve the same goal but both groups cannot get hostility is due to happen .For example increased competition of various groups in times of economic crisis may be one of the factors leading to prejudice .Tajfel (1971) believes that the scapegoating theory is not adequate in explaining prejudice and he also uses a social identity theory . However Tajfel et al (1971) argue that competition is not sufficient for inter-groups conflict and hostility .Tajfel does not deny the importance of competition between groups as explanation for the origins of prejudice but argues that mere perception of the existence of another group can itself produce discrimination .Tajfel et al goes on to say that before any discrimination occur ,people must be categorized as members of in-groups or out-groups but more significantly the very act of of categorization by itself produces conflict and discrimination leading to negative prejudice . Therefore from the above analysis one can be tempted to say that the origins of prejudice in both social identity theory and scapegoating theory arise from the same nature to a greater extent as noted in the argument in question though they might be some differences but to a lesser extent. Moreover, scapegoating theory in explaining prejudice asserts that people or groups seeks to displace their anger on the weaker people or groups .When the weaker group sees that its being dehumanized or being regarded as inferior scapegoating has entered in the danger zone which will eventually lead to the aggression of the out-group. However Tajfel’s social identity theory suggest that individuals strive for self image and social identity that is influenced by the value categorized by a group an individual belongs .Therefore from the aforementioned analysis one might be tempted to conclude that the spirit of pride within one group and an individual’s ego perpetuated by a group an individual belongs may leads to prejudice as expulsed in the argument above. In addition , basing on the scapegoating theory in explaining prejudice ,pain and frustration only often evoke hostility for example the native Africans were allocated land in reserves which was very infertile and this led to the First Chimurenga war when the natives fought the whites blaming them for drought and other misfortunes that they were facing as a result of their presence .In contrast to the above theory, Myers(2008) elucidates that the social identity theory in explaining prejudice suggest that individuals in a group come to develop a sense of their identity that is anchored within in-group . Therefore .from the information above one might tempted to clear that both of the two theories asserts that as a result of aggression by scapegoating and in-group development development as supported by Tajfel(1971) elaborates the concept of prejudice though they vary to a lesser extent as exhibited in the argument in question. More so, Healey (2006) pontificates that the scapegoating theory targets for the displaced aggression vary, for example failure by the government of Zimbabwe to run the economy that led to hyper-inflationary epoch many Zimbabweans blamed the sanctions for the economic turmoil and the Europeans as the oppressors but were there to blame for economic crisis in actual sense and this poses a question to many people . Moreover, in the early 1980s people vented their anger to the witchcraft tradition and leading to the masquerading of tsikamutandas to uproot witches in societies and people who were presumed to be witches were humiliated or forced to drink a concoction and if the witch belongs to in-group and another one from out-group  favoritism was bound to happen leading to someone being unfairly treated due to favoritism .The South Africans felt the shortage of employment in their country is because of Zimbabweans saying that they are taking all jobs thus leading to xenophobia attacks on Zimbabweans and in that essence it evokes prejudice between the in-group and out-group. On the other side of the coin ,Faney (2004) alludes that the social identity theory furnishes favoritism among in-groups and out-groups. The theory asserts that as groups are formed ,they come to develop a culture of patriotism towards themselves and to discriminate against out-groups .therefore , from the aforesaid assertions one might be tempted to alludes that prejudice arise from favoritism and displaced aggression as exposed in both theories above . Furthermore , Tajfel (1971) suggests that resource allocation is done unequally ,in particular they will favor their own group at the expense of out-group .This suggest that the tendency in-favor of in-group may be especially powerful if the in-group feels to be minority .In addition the scapegoating theory in explaining prejudice propounds that for instance in Zimbabwe ,opposition to immigration since 1990 has gone up and down following the hijacking unemployment rate . Moreover ,the scapegoating theory and social identity theory explain the concept of prejudice in a different dimension as noted above in the argument in question though some very small similarities were noted but since the explanations outwit the similarities one might be tempted to conclude that both theories in explaining prejudice they differ immensely . To add more flesh to the bones , the social identity theory presumes that as people hear the views of a group they are bound to change their own views to suite of the in-group and one school of thought believes that similarities within groups will ultimately lend itself to polarization among groups .Members of the in-group will try to make themselves look unique from out-group as they endeavor this uniqueness to prove a spirit of social identity . For example if l am a soccer fan and we are discussing the play of the play of an opposing team , l might advocate for my team that plays much better than the opposing team .However the scapegoating theory reiterates that the strongest anti-black prejudice has occurred among whites who stay  much closer to blacks on the socio-economic hierarchy . For instance the whites who protested for the industrial conciliation act enactment are the whites who were feeling threatened by the black society and those white who were on top of the socio-economic hierarchy felt no intimidation by blacks .there, as thus discussed above one might possibly say that it is clear from the aforesaid argument that scapegoating and social identity theory can explain prejudice from various angles as expulsed in the argument in question . Moreover , Tajfel (1971) asserts that the personal identity deteriorates and social identity become focal in the sense that people have a feeling of themselves individually and as part of the group they belong and in doing so their group identity comes to the central core of their prejudice and they ceases to pay more attention on the individual characteristics of out-group .Furthermore , scapegoating pontificates that the clash of interest may result in prejudice and anyone who is not satisfied with himself is always ready for a revenge .For example Floyd May-weather might always feel that he can outclass Pacquino despite losing to him and every time is ready for a revenge match so as to claim his status as a champion . Therefore , from the above analysis one might be tempted to conclude scapegoating and social identity theory are somehow different though clearly explaining the concept of prejudice as noted in the aforesaid assertions . In summation ,It does not need a rocket scientist to discover that competition to prestige, social recognition ,water, land ,jobs and some other resources may precipitates aggression which will eventually turn into prejudice in both theories scapegoating and social individual theory .However , it is an abortion of factual evidence to sidestep the differences such as displaced aggression , feelings of in-group and out-groups , favoritism among in-groups and out-groups and just to mention but a few were addressed as differences of social identity and scapegoating theory as exhibited in the argument in question in explaining the concept of prejudice. ` Tatenda Nyoka is a student at Great Zimbabwe Zimbabwe University and can be contacted on [emailprotected]

Medieval and Renaissance Art Essay Example for Free

Medieval and Renaissance Art Essay The most significant difference between medieval and renaissance art is that renaissance art paid more attention to the human body, and to detail. Both, however, focused mainly on religious themes, although not necessarily Christian. Renaissance artists are remembered because they brought about the changes that led to the art of today. When looking at medieval art, such as The Notary of Perugia Writing a Document it is quite obvious that very little attention to detail is included. There is no depth to the painting, the writing on the parchment bares no resemblance to actual text, and everyone in the picture has the same face. In contrast, when looking at a renaissance painting, like Christ the Redeemer by Titian quite a bit more attention is given to detail, even though the scene does not encompass nearly as much. It is possible to see shadowing in the painting, as well as to the behavior of fabrics. There is also a good feel of depth with much attention paid not only to making a nice background, but separating it from the foreground as well. There are many similarities in the two styles; they are, after all, separated by a short period in history. One similarity might be a choice of colors, as the most visually appealing color combinations had yet to be discovered. Another similarity would be the lack of understanding of how to accurately represent the human body, as this was considered sinful by the church; Leonardo di Vinci did began to change this with some of his works though. The short period in time left similarities between the styles of art, but they were few, far between, and diminished fast. Renaissance artists put forth much greater effort into these works and it really shows in the quality, rather then the quantity produced.

Insomnia and Psychological Causes in Adolescents

Insomnia and Psychological Causes in Adolescents Ruhi Mehdi Ali Insomnia and Its Psychological Correlates in Adolescents Sleep, in one form or another, is a biological necessity for all living creatures (Coveney, 2014). Insomnia is the most frequently occurring sleep disorder in which the whole body and brain are in a conflict between the desires of wanting to fall asleep and not wanting to go to the wakening status (Mushtaq 2014). On the basis of occurrence of symptoms, insomnia can be classified as transient (no more than a few nights), acute (less than 3-4 weeks), and chronic (more than 3-4 weeks) (Kamel and Gammack 2005). I chose insomnia to be the subject of my writing because I think that it is a serious though ignored heath problem. Studies show that insomnia affects approximately 30% of the general population (Roth, 2007). While Johnson et, al. (2006), estimated that 10.7% adolescents are affected among the general population according to the DSM-IV criteria (as cited in Abe Germain, 2012). A study conducted in a Pakistani medical university revealed that 58.9% of the adolescents slept less than 8 hours a day (Kazim Abrar, 2011). Which means it is not only highly prevalent in our society, but also found worldwide in people of all ages and every gender but none of them tends to solve the issue on an earlier stage. This results in the severity of the disorder leading to various negative consequences. In this article we will focus mainly on the correlation of insomnia with the psychology of adolescents. We will also discuss the causes and circumstances that could lead to the progression of insomnia and some possible management remedies which could be helpful for the readers to diagnose and manage the problem at an earlier stage. In the month of March, 2015, a 28 years old lady was admitted to the Karachi Psychiatric Hospital with complaint of insomnia. She verbalized that she was divorced 10 years back and currently was living with her mother. During her married life she felt that her brother in law used to eye her in an inappropriate way which she felt uncomfortable and she talked to her husband about that but he didn’t believe her, instead divorced her. She was too depressed about the event, and since then she was having complain of insomnia. She didn’t adhere to the prescribed medications and therefore was admitted to the hospital with relapse. According to the criteria suggested by Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders edition 5 (DSM-V), a person is said to have insomnia disorder if the following symptoms are true for him; (A) dissatisfied with sleep quantity and quality. (B) One or more of these symptoms: difficulty initiating maintaining and returning to sleep after awakening, early morning awakening, non-restorative sleep and bed time struggles. (C) Major distress or impairment in daytime accompanies the sleep complaint (also reported by Kidwai Ahmed, 2013). (D) Sleep difficulty occurs at least thrice a week and is present for at least three months. (E) The difficulty occurs despite of sufficient opportunities and age-appropriate circumstances for sleep (Abe Germain, 2012). The criteria makes it easier to rule out the disease. CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS Carskadon discussed that during adolescence a range of biological, psychological and social factors interact, resulting in shortened sleep duration, that has been characterized as ‘the perfect storm’’ (as cited in Hysing 2013). A study conducted in Bahawalpur, Pakistan concluded that 39.2% of the youth (aged 16-25yrs) experience insomnia while 33% suffer from sleeplessness (Mushtaq et. al., 2014). There are several determinants that could lead to insomnia. I believe teenage is the most vulnerable stage of a person’s life. Multiple hormonal changes occur (Mushtaq, 2014; Kamel Gammack, 2005) and psychological distress acts as the key precipitating factor for sleep disorders. Problems in secular, personal or even religious life create great stress on a person’s mind (Mydin, et. al., 2012). Family conflicts, long working hours requiring more hard work, academic challenges and spiritual distress are some of the stressors that make adolescents face difficulties to fall asleep, no matter they have to get up early in the morning, and most of them skip the daytime naps as well (Yen et. al., 2008). Beside this, uncomfortable, noisy or change in sleep environment also hinders in sleep (Mushtaq 2014). Hysing et. al., (2014) claim that such routines cause a sleep deficiency of ~2 hours on weekdays. Some common habits including late night socializing activities, watching television or movies, surfing the internet (Coveney 2014; Yen et. al., 2008), excessive use of mobile phones (Mushtaq, 2014; Yen et. al., 2008), excessive use of substance like alcohol, caffeine, drugs, or side effects of some medicines like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) etc. (Mushtaq, 2014; Abe Germain, 2012; Kazim Abrar, 2011; Alhola Kantola, 2007), also interfere with sleep quality and delay the bedtimes. Furthermore, there could be some genetic or medical determinants as well that pose a risk towards sleep deficiency (Kidwai Ahmed, 2013), while in some cases psychiatric issues may also be present that lead to secondary insomnia (Roth, 2007). Depression and anxiety are the two most common co-morbid that lead to insomnia and vice versa, as worrying about sleep deficiency itself exacerbates insomnia. Dauvilliers described that 72.7% of the patients with primary insomnia had a family history of the disorder (as cited in Abe Germain, 2012). EFFECTS Adequate sleep is important not only for physical health but for cognitive and psychological wellbeing as well. On average, 7-8.5 hours of sleep per day is considered to be normal for adults. (Alhola Kantola, 2007; Kazim Abrar, 2011). While 6 hours/day, is thought to be short sleep duration (Bryan, 2011, as cited in Coveney, 2014). Insomnia, an underestimated disorder causes a number of effects that can disrupt a person’s quality of life (Alhola Kantola, 2007), for instance, chronic fatigue and malaise, aggressiveness, work absenteeism, increased risk of accidents (Cunnington, et, al., 2013; Abe Germain, 2012) etc. A study revealed that in a period of 12 months, only 1% of non-insomniacs had industrial accidents as compared to 8% of insomniacs (Roth 2007). Additionally, I have also commonly observed that it causes emotional instability and mood lowering, that further increases psychological distress and lowers concentration ability (Kazim Abrar, 2011). Decreased memory, ne urocognitive and academic performances are also highly affected that result in impaired performance on psychomotor tests and less productivity at workplace and schools/colleges (Coveney, 2014; Kamel Gammack, 2005). Furthermore, depression and hypertension (Kamel and Gamack, 2005) Such cognitive declines and stressors have their impact on a person’s social life which can be seen as the quality and quantity of his time spent with his family and friends is disturbed. As a result, the person may experience suicidal ideations as severe depressive symptoms. Many people then look towards substance abuse like alcohol and drugs use, either to relieve this stress or to merely induce sleep (Mydin, et. al., 2012; Abe Germain, 2012). Such people also have emotion focused problem solving strategies (Mydin et. al., 2012) i.e. they are less thoughtful about the situation and make emotional attempts to get rid of the Williams argued that moving towards a global 24/7 society is making us utilize our sleep time in walking activities and social opportunities (as cited in Coveney, 2014). Late night social gatherings, connectedness to peers through media and high tech devices has increased too much in our society. This simply means that sleep and rest are not being given much importance which in turn calls for a need to take this matter more seriously especially for the younger generation who wouldn’t want distressing effects of insomnia to affect their growing future. MANAGEMENT Sleep disorders especially insomnia is taken lightly and mostly remains undiagnosed and therefore, untreated. The disorder is treated so as to avoid relapses rather than treatment of current episodes or crisis (Cunnington, et, al., 2013). Benzodiazepine is the most frequently used sedative hypnotic as the first line treatment of insomnia. It decreases reduces rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, sleep onset latency and nocturnal awakenings. Other pharmacological aids include non-benzodiazepines, anti-depressants, and anti-histamines. These medicines are used with the desired outcomes of improved sleep initiation, maintenance and improved next-day functioning (Kamel Gammack, 2005). Multiple approaches can help to control the situation from getting worse. One of them includes asking patients to maintain a 1-2 week sleep diary to assess their sleep pattern. This diary would be helpful to keep the record of the person’s usual bedtime and duration of sleep along with the details about the meals taken, exercise, use of alcohol and medications (Kamel and Gammack, 2005). Maintain such a diary would help to review the activities and factors that may have hindered sleep and improve them accordingly. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is another effective intervention with long-term efficacy. It targets the maladaptive behavior and thoughts that may provoke sleep disturbing conditions. This face to face interaction helps client and health care professional to particularly work on aspects and factors that are worsening the situation (Cunnington, et. al., 2013). One more approach known as ‘stimulus control therapy’ restricts the client and environment particular so as to induce sleep. For example, bedroom is confined to be used only for sleeping or sexual activity while sleep incompatible stimuli such as reading, television and computer should be avoided in the room (Cunnington, et. al., 2013; Kamel Gammack, 2005). CONCLUSION Insomnia’s prevalence varies from 11.8% in Nigeria2 to 27% in the United States and 37% in France and Italy (Kidwai Ahmed, 2013). As far as I have observed, people now a days are concerned about being at the top and being number one, but in the long run they ignore their basic health needs including rest. Especially teenagers have multiple stressors from their personal and secular/professional life which causes distressing emotions and they tend to skip their sleep time in order to cope with the challenges. Inappropriate sleeping environment, substance abuse family conflicts, and some underlying medical or psychiatric illness can also interfere and disrupt their normal sleep pattern. Insomnia is a preventable and controllable disorder. Therefore, it is important not to ignore any sleep issues as they may lead to the severe consequences of insomnia. REFERENCES Abe, Y. Germain, A., (2012). Insomnia and Its Correlates: Current Concepts, Epidemiology, Path physiology and Future Remarks. Public Health- Methodology, Environment and Systems Issues: 387-418 Alhola, P. Kantola, P., (2007). Sleep Deprivation: Impact on Cognitive Performance. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 3(5): 553-567. Coveney, C., (2014). Managing Sleep and Wakefulness in a 24-Hour World. Sociology of Health Illness, 36(1): 123-136. Cunnington, D., Junge, M. Fernando, A., (2013). Insomnia: Prevalence, Consequences and Effective Treatment. The Medical Journal of Australia. 199(8): 36-40 Hysing, M., Pallesen, S., Stormark, K. M., Lundervold, A. J. Sivertsen, B. (2013). Sleep Patterns and Insomnia among Adolescents: A Population-Based Study. Journal of Sleep Research, 22:549–556 Kamel, N. Gammack, J., (2005). Insomnia in the Elderly: Cause, Approach, and Treatment. The American Journal of Medicine, 199(6): 463-469. Kazim, M. Abrar, A., (2011). Sleep Patterns and Academic Performance in Students of a Medical College in Pakistan. Khyber Medical University Journal, 3(2): 57-60. Kidwai, R. Ahmed, S., (2013). Prevalence of Insomnia and Use of Sleep medicines in Urban Communities of Karachi, Pakistan. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 63(11): 1358-1363. Mushtaq, A., Saqib, A., Aslam, Z., Fatima, F., Waqas, M. Akram, M., (2014). Occurrence and Causes of Insomnia in Youth of Bahawalpur Division of Pakistan. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Bio-Science, 3(2): 408-418. Mydin, Y., Almashor, S. Zaharim, N., (2012). Correlates between Insomnia, Psychological Distress and Daytime Sleepiness of Malaysian Adults with Symptoms of Insomnia. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2): 122-127. Roth, T., (2007). Insomnia: Definition, Prevalence, Etiology, and Consequences. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3(5): 7-10. Yen, C., Hung Ko, C.,Yen, J., Cheng, C., (2008). The Multidimensional Correlates Associated With Short Nocturnal Sleep Duration and Subjective Insomnia among Taiwanese Adolescents. Sleep, 31(11): 1515-1525.

BonJours Basic Antifoundationalist Argument :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

BonJour's 'Basic Antifoundationalist Argument' ABSTRACT: BonJour argues that there can be no basic empirical beliefs. But premises three and four jointly entail ‘BonJour’s Rule’ — one’s belief that p is justified only if one justifiably believes the premises of an argument that makes p highly likely — which, given human psychology, entails global skepticism. His responses to the charge of skepticism, restricting premise three to basic beliefs and noting that the Rule does not require ‘explicit’ belief, fail. Moreover, the Rule does not express an epistemic duty. Finally, his argument against this fails since it is false that if an experiential state has representational content, then it is in need of justification. I venture the diagnosis that BonJour mistook the representational content of a cognitive state for the assertive functional role of a belief. Foundationalism may well be false, but not for BonJour’s reasons. Laurence BonJour observes that critics of foundationalism tend to argue against it by objecting to "relatively idiosyncratic" versions of it, a strategy which has "proven in the main to be superficial and ultimately ineffective" since answers immune to the objections emerge quickly. (1) BonJour aims to rectify this deficiency. Specifically, he argues that the very soul of foundationalism, "the concept of a basic empirical belief," is incoherent. (2) This is a bold strategy from which we can learn even if, in the end, as I shall argue, it fails. But, first, what is foundationalism? A person's belief is ‘nonbasic’ just in case it is justified in virtue of its relation to other justified beliefs; it is ‘basic’ just in case it is justified but not in virtue of its relation to other justified beliefs. Foundationalism is the view that if one has a nonbasic belief, then — in the final analysis — it is justified in virtue of its relation to a basic belief. Basic beliefs comprise the foundation of a person's network of justified beliefs. Now to BonJour's argument. 1. The Argument Stated BonJour summarizes it like this: 1. Suppose, for reductio, that there are basic empirical beliefs. 2. A belief is justified only if there is a reason why it is likely to be true. 3. A belief is justified for a person only if he is in cognitive possession of such a reason. 4. A person is in cognitive possession of such a reason only if he believes with justification the premises from which it follows that the belief is likely to be true.

Native American Cultural Assessment: The Cherokee Essay -- essays rese

The word Cherokee comes from a Creek word "Chelokee" meaning "people of a different speech." In their own language the Cherokee called themselves the Aniyunwiya or "principal people" or the Keetoowah, "people of Kituhwa." The Cherokee are perhaps one of the most interesting of Native American Groups. Their life and culture are closely intertwined with early American settlers and the history of our own nation’s struggle for freedom. In the interest of promoting tolerance and peace, and with regard to the United States government’s handling of Native affairs, their story is one that is painful, stoic, and must not be forgotten. The Cherokee people were a large and powerful tribe. The Cherokees' Macro-Siouan- Iroquoian language and their migration legends demonstrate that the tribe originated to the north of their traditional Southeastern homelands. Linguists believe that the Cherokee migrated from the Great Lakes area to the Southeast over three thousand years ago. The Cherokee language is a branch of the Iroquoian language family, related to Cayuga, Seneca, Onondega, Wyandot-Huron, Tuscarora, Oneida and Mohawk. Original locations of the Cherokee were the southern Appalachian Mountains, including western North and South Carolina, northern Georgia and Alabama, southwest Virginia, and the Cumberland Basin of Tennessee, Kentucky, and northern Alabama. The Cherokee sometimes refer to themselves as Ani-Kituhwagi, "the people of Kituhwa". Kituhwa was the name of an ancient city, located near present Bryson City, NC, which was the center of the Cherokee Nation. Long before Columbus discovered the "New World" or Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto arrived, the Cherokee territory stretched from the Ohio River to the north, and southward into Georgia and Alabama. Their homelands extended over 135,000 square miles. Cherokee villages had populations of about 350 to 600 persons. Before contact with Europeans, families built round, earth-covered homes for the winter. For the warmer summers they built larger, rectangular homes. The rectangular homes had upright poles forming a framework. The outer covering was bark, wood or woven siding coated with earth and clay. The Cherokee were primarily an agricultural people. They relied heavily on corn, beans, and squash, supplemented by hunting and the gathering of wil... ...r near the North Carolina reservation. Cherokee tribal governments have fairly liberal membership standards compared to other tribes. Some population estimates exceed 370,000, which would make the Cherokee the largest Native American group in the United States It is amazing that through European epidemics, attempts to assimilate eradicate and remove, that any Cherokee are left today. Despite all they have endured and lost, Cherokee levels of education and living standard ranks among the highest of all Native American tribes. I am proud to be an American citizen. I am also especially proud that my Mother’s Great-Grandmother, a descendant of Trail of Tears survivors, was Cherokee. BIBLIOGRAPHY Thomas E. Mails, The Cherokee People: The Story of the Cherokees from Earliest Origins to Contemporary Times Merwyn S. Garbarino, Native American Heritage The Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians http://www.charweb.org/neighbors/na/cherokee.htm James Mooney, History, Myths, and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees Morris L. Wardell, A Political History of the Cherokee Nation 1838-1907 Collier, Peter. When Shall They Rest? The Cherokees' Long Struggle with America

Compare and contrast the two characters of Celie and Jeanette. Essay

Compare and contrast the two characters of Celie and Jeanette. Consider the influence of religion on the two main protagonists. Despite the fact that Celie and Jeanette are characters who appear to be lost in completely different worlds they do in fact have quite a lot in common. The influence of religion on the two girls is significant and can be seen throughout the two novels. Jeanette is trapped at home with an extremely strict religious family, and could be considered to be quite naà ¯ve, as she hasn’t seen much of life outside of her village. Her village is full of evangelists, although the way they act makes them seem a lot more like a cult. Hence, it could be said that Jeanette had to endure religion being forced upon her throughout her childhood. Celie on the other hand, embraces religion and it is an important factor in her survival. After Celie has been raped by her abusive father, who also gave her children away, she is forced to live with Mr. ____, her husband, who is equally, if not more abusive than her father ever was. Celie can’t see herself living any other way, and although she isn’t happy, she accepts this way of life. Jeanette Winterson wrote, â€Å"Oranges are not the only fruit†, which was published in 1985. She was born in Manchester in 1959, and was adopted by two evangelist parents. She left her parents in 1975 after starting a relationship with another woman. She attended St. Catherine’s College in Oxford and graduated from there with a degree in English. Over the years she has published many stories mainly involving lesbian fiction, as well as film scripts. Alice Walker was born on February 9, 1944 into a family of sharecroppers near Eatonton, Georgia. Her father, Willie Lee Wal... ...lf and her new life by ending her letters as if they were a prayer, with the word â€Å"Amen.† Jeanette has escaped her demons and eventually returns home once she has found her own path in life with God, but without all her previous restrictions. The two novels reflect on the ways in which religion can affect how a person lives their life, and how it can help them to cope in times of need and desperation. The novels also show how religion can have the influence to help a person to have the strength to survive and completely change their direction in life, as is seen in â€Å"The Color Purple† and â€Å"Oranges are not the only fruit.† --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] â€Å"Oranges are not the only fruit† Jeanette Winterson Chapter One, Genesis. In this scene we are introduced to Jeanette, her family and the life she lives.

Nursing Theory and Caring Essay

Caring is a simple yet strong and powerful word, an abstract concept commonly found in nursing theory. Caring implies responsibilities, connections, and trust. Nurses take on the role with pride and honor. Nurses are caregivers. Many nursing theorists looked and still do look at caring as a core concept for nursing practice. Three main theorists come to mind, Jean Watson, Patricia Benner, and Kristen Swanson, when thinking about nursing and caring, although many of theorists highlight the importance of caring in the nursing profession. Each theorist has an independent definition of what caring is, ways to use it in nursing, and what it means in the nursing world. The purpose of this paper is to examine the definition of caring through nursing and nursing theorists, compare different definitions based on the core concept of caring, analyze Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, and examine the current relevance in nursing practice, research, and development. Definition of Caring The Oxford English Dictionary defines caring as â€Å"to take thought for, provide for, look after† (â€Å"Care,† 2011, para. 3). Theorists look at the concept of caring and break it down to discover the exact meaning behind the abstract concept. Kristen Swanson developed a middle-range theory of caring based on maternity and early loss of pregnancy. Middle-range theories â€Å"have a high explanatory value† (Andershed & Olsson, 2009, p. 598). Swanson’s researches lead her to the discovery of what caring means. Swanson described caring as an accountability and connection to another person (Andershed & Olsson, 2009).Patricia Benner is more well-known for theory of Novice to Expert Nursing. Through her research she began to look at the common phenomena surrounding nursing. Patricia Benner worked with Judith Wruble on the theory Primacy of Caring, an attempt to unveil certain factors such as nursing practice, stress, coping, and the outcome of illness (George , 2011). One of the core phenomena surrounding nursing practice is the concept of caring. Benner defined caring as â€Å"an essential skill of nurses; a basic way of being in the world† (George, 2011, p. 662). Benner’s definition offers little in  respect a more concrete understanding. Other theorists who attempt to define the abstract concept include Boykin and Schoenhofer, Florence Nightingale, and Virginia Henderson. The leading lady in theory on caring is Jean Watson. The ethics of caring is the foundation for Jean Watson’s theory. Watson defines caring as â€Å"the coming together of a nurse and another in human-to-human transaction† (George, 2011, p. 662). Her theory offers more definition to the concept of caring and what caring within nursing entails. Comparing Definitions All of the aforementioned definitions have a similarity in the way humans are part of the caring. Each looks at the value placed on an individual and the holistic approach to that individual (Bailey, 2009). The concept of caring does not look at one specific attribute of humans, but the person. Each theorist took the concept of caring and established the caring as a fundamental and integral part of nursing. Watson looked at caring as a relation-ship between two humans. Swanson’s approach was the effect caring had on a certain population. Swanson’s efforts were to bring back to nursing practice the care that originally attracted most nurses (Watson, 2009). Benner’s concept derived from the skills necessary for nursing. Benner’s previous theory of novice to expert goal was to explain the progress of a novice nurse to an expert nurse using knowledge and experience to provide care. Bailey (2009) broke down the variety of caring definitions and discovered the e ssentialness of caring for the 21st century nurse. Each theorist takes caring and applies it to how nursing functions with a person in a holistic and comprehensive manner. Watson’s Theory Jean Watson, born in 1940, developed the theory of caring and published it in 1988 with a revision in 1997. As a contemporary nursing theorist, she garnered respect from some of the most notable theorists such as Nightingale, Henderson, and Benner. Watson has received honorary doctorate degrees, received numerous rewards, and still educates at the University of Colorado Denver. The base of Watson’s theory is the ethics and moral values placed on a person, not necessarily on patients. Watson’s concept is the need to preserve the dignity of the whole person through care and respect (Bailey, 2009). The care and respect Dr. Watson refers to is the connection  the nurse makes with the patient and the family. The respect she refers to belongs also to that connection. Metaparadigms are world views. Nursing theory tends to center on four key concepts, person, environment, health, and nursing as metaparadigms. Watson’s theory of caring centers on the person, or persons, affected by the nursing care provided. In 2010, Dr. Watson gave a thrilling and emotional speech about the nursing care her father, mother, and stepmother experienced. The speech centered on the care and compassion provided by the nurses encountered (Fights, 2010). The story accurately depicts Jean Watson’s concentration on the metaparadigms of person and nursing. Her very moving story led to the Academy of Medical Surgical Nursing to adopt three words to define the medical-surgical nurse; compassion, connection, commitment (Fights, 2010). Application in Current Nursing The concepts and theories provided by Dr. Jean Watson still thrive in current nursing curriculum and practice. The United States faces one of the largest health care issues and reforms. Nursing shortages and increased expenditure on health care has caused the nation to look at ways to transform the current health care setting into a more profitable business. Jean Watson believes this happens through reinforcing the Theory of Human Caring throughout the health care field (Watson, 2009). Part of Watson’s theory is the 10 factors of caring The first three factors of caring make up the philosophy of Jean Watson. The concept behind the philosophy of caring is to practice in a caring model and not a curing model. Jean placed a large amount a value on the need for humanistic and altruistic care, the instillation of hope and faith in care, and sensitivity to the nurse and the patient receiving care (Nursing Theories, 2011). Current practice of the Caring Model presented by Watson includes Central Baptist Health in Lexington, KY., St. Mary’s Hospital in Richmond, VA., and Scottsdale Health Care in Scottsdale, AZ., and many others. Government health care reform has provided health care systems to look at the satisfaction of the patient and family in relationship to reimbursement. This is an attempt to cutting health care costs nationwide. The result is patient and family-centered theories that guide evidence-based practice Jean Watson’s theory is ideal for the transformation. Johanna Briggs Institute Research has a focus of evidence-based practices. The Johanna Briggs Institute provides sound and peer reviewed information to those knowing where to look. In researching the theory of caring, the application to current health settings is not always spelled out. In an evidence-based practice sheet produced by the Johanna Briggs Institute on stroke victims, there is a clear representation of Watson’s theory. The evidence demonstrates the need to understand the psychosocial spiritual experiences of stroke victims during the recovery process (Johanna Briggs Institute, 2009). Watson’s theory has an element that takes into account the human experience of the spirit instead of the spiritual experience of the human (Nursing Theories, 2011). Nurses need to look at a patient and what he or she is experiencing to gain the connection with the person and family and also demonstrate the commitment and compassion for what the patient and family is experiencing. Conclusion Many theorists take into account necessity of caring for a patient. Benner, Henderson, Swanson, and Watson all developed theories and philosophies based on the core concept of caring and providing care in the nursing world. Although all theories are part of current curriculum and many appeal to the contemporary nurse, Watson’s theory has stood the test of time and has been resilient even during hard economic times and reform. The 10 factors of caring of the caring philosophy govern the way a nurse practices and looks at a patient. The spiritual experiences of a patient transformed into a deep connection between the nurse and patient. Reform has pushed systems to re-evaluate the way providers deliver health care and the perception of nursing care based on that care. Systems use financial incentives to create change. Evidence-based research uses Watson’s theory and definition of caring to provide background and support. Watson’s definition broadens the scope of nur sing and includes the holistic approach to all nursing realms. References Andershed, B., & Olsson, K. (2009, September). Review of research related to Kristen Swanson’s middle-range theory of caring. Scandinavian Journal of Caring of Caring Sciences, 23(3), 598-610. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00647.x Bailey, D. N. (2009, March). Caring defined: A comparison and anlysis. International Journal of Human Caring, 13(1), 16-31. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail?vid=10&hid=11&sid=157942a0-9e5e-4c79-8ebc-b532097da582%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=rzh&AN=2010235968 Fights, S. D. (2010). from AMSN, Commitment, compassion, connection. MEDSURG Nursing, 19(6), 313-316. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail?sid=157942a0-9e5e-4c79-8ebc-b532097da582%40sessionmgr11&vid=24&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=56601234 George, J. (2011). Nursing Theories: The base for professional nursing practice (6th ed.). Boston, AK: Pearson. Johanna Briggs Institute. (2009). The psychosocial spiritual experience of elderly. Retrieved from http://connect.jbiconnectplus.org/ViewSourceFile.aspx?0=503 Nursing Theories. (2011, June 21). Jean Watson’s philosophy of nursing. Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Watson.html Watson, J. (2009, March). Caring science and human caring theory: transforming personal and professional practices of nursing and health care. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 31(4), 466-482. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail?sid=157942a0-9e5e-4c79-8ebc-b532097da582%40sessionmgr11&vid=45&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=mnh&AN=19385422